Network Overlays
In the world of networking, there is a hidden gem that has been revolutionizing the way we connect and communicate. Network overlays, the mystical layer that enhances our networks, are here to unlock new possibilities and transform the way we experience connectivity. In this blog post, we will delve into the enchanting world of network overlays, exploring their benefits, functionality, and potential applications.
Network overlays, at their core, are virtual networks created on top of physical networks. They act as an additional layer, abstracting the underlying infrastructure and providing a flexible and scalable network environment. By decoupling the logical and physical aspects of networking, overlays enable simplified management, efficient resource utilization, and dynamic adaptation to changing requirements.
One of the key elements that make network overlays so powerful is their ability to encapsulate and transport network traffic. By encapsulating data packets within packets of a different protocol, overlays create virtual tunnels that can traverse different networks, regardless of their underlying infrastructure. This magic enables seamless communication between geographically dispersed devices and networks, bringing about a new level of connectivity.
The versatility of network overlays opens up a world of possibilities. From enhancing security through encrypted tunnels to enabling network virtualization and multi-tenancy, overlays empower organizations to build complex and dynamic network architectures. They facilitate the deployment of services, applications, and virtual machines across different environments, allowing for efficient resource utilization and improved scalability.
Network overlays have found their place in various domains. In data centers, overlays enable the creation of virtual networks for different tenants, isolating their traffic and providing enhanced security. In cloud computing, overlays play a crucial role in enabling seamless communication between different cloud providers and environments. Additionally, overlays have been leveraged in Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to enable network programmability and agility.
Highlights: Network Overlays
Overlay Networking
Logical networks
Overlay networks are computer networks that are layered on top of other networks (logical instead of physical). They differ from the traditional OSI layered network model and almost always assume that the underlay network is an IP network. These technologies include VXLAN, BGP VPNs, Layer 2 and Layer 3, and IP over IP, such as GRE or IPsec tunnels. Overlay networks, such as SD-WAN, use IP over IP technologies.
The overlay network (SDN overlay) allows multiple network layers to be run on top of each other, adding new applications and improving security. Multiple secure overlays can be created using software over existing networking hardware infrastructure by making virtual connections between two endpoints. In the cloud, endpoints can be physical locations, such as network ports, or logical locations, such as software addresses.
Software tags, labels, and encryption create a virtual tunnel between two network endpoints. End users must be authenticated to use the connection if encryption is used. Like a phone system, the technology can be considered endpoints with identification tags. An identification tag or number can be used to locate a device in a network, creating virtual connections.
Benefits of Network Overlays:
1. Simplified Network Management: With network overlays, organizations can manage their networks centrally, using software-defined networking (SDN) controllers. This centralized approach eliminates the need for manual configuration and reduces the complexity associated with traditional network management.
2. Enhanced Scalability: Network overlays enable businesses to scale their networks easily by provisioning virtual networks on demand. This flexibility allows rapid deployment of new services and applications without physical network reconfiguration.
3. Improved Security: Network overlays provide an additional layer of security by encapsulating traffic within virtual tunnels. This isolation helps prevent unauthorized access and reduces the risk of potential security breaches, especially in multi-tenant environments.
4. Interoperability: Network overlays can be deployed across heterogeneous environments, enabling seamless connectivity between different network types, such as private and public clouds. This interoperability extends the network across multiple locations and integrates various cloud services effortlessly.
Scalability and Elasticity
One critical advantage of network overlays is their ability to scale and adapt to changing network requirements. Overlays can dynamically allocate resources based on demand, allowing network administrators to rapidly deploy new services or expand existing ones. This elasticity enables organizations to meet the evolving needs of their users and applications without the constraints imposed by the underlying physical infrastructure.
Simplified Network Management
Network overlays simplify network management by providing a centralized control plane. This control plane abstracts the complexity of the underlying physical infrastructure, allowing administrators to configure and manage the virtual networks through a single interface. This simplification reduces operational overhead, minimizes human errors, and enhances network security.
Google Cloud Data Centers
**How Cloud Service Mesh Works**
At its core, a cloud service mesh consists of a data plane and a control plane. The data plane is responsible for handling the actual data transfer between services, while the control plane manages the policies and configurations that govern this communication. By deploying sidecar proxies alongside each microservice, the service mesh can intercept and manage all network traffic, ensuring that communication is secure, reliable, and observable.
**Key Benefits of Cloud Service Mesh**
1. **Enhanced Security:** One of the primary advantages of a cloud service mesh is the ability to enforce security policies consistently across all microservices. With features like mutual TLS (mTLS) for encryption, service mesh ensures that data in transit is secure, reducing the risk of breaches.
2. **Observability and Monitoring:** Service mesh provides comprehensive visibility into service-to-service communication. By collecting metrics, logs, and traces, it allows for detailed monitoring and troubleshooting, enabling teams to quickly identify and resolve issues.
3. **Traffic Management:** Advanced traffic management capabilities, such as load balancing, traffic splitting, and circuit breaking, are built into the service mesh. These features ensure that services can handle variable loads and maintain high availability and performance.
**Implementing a Cloud Service Mesh**
Adopting a cloud service mesh requires careful planning and consideration. Organizations should start by evaluating their current architecture and identifying key areas where a service mesh can bring immediate benefits. It’s also essential to choose the right service mesh solution, such as Istio, Linkerd, or Consul, based on specific needs and compatibility with the existing environment.
**Challenges and Considerations**
While the advantages of a cloud service mesh are clear, there are also challenges to consider. Implementing a service mesh introduces additional complexity and overhead, which can impact performance if not managed properly. It’s crucial to have a thorough understanding of the service mesh architecture and to invest in proper training and support for the team.
Example Technology: EIGRP and GRE
In simple terms, GRE is a tunneling protocol that encapsulates various network layer protocols within IP packets. It establishes a virtual point-to-point connection between different networks, facilitating data transmission across disparate networks. Encapsulating packets within GRE headers allows for secure and efficient communication.
To establish a GRE tunnel, two endpoints are required: a source and a destination. The source endpoint encapsulates the original packet by adding a GRE header, while the destination endpoint decapsulates the packet and forwards it to the appropriate destination. This encapsulation process involves adding an extra IP header, which allows the packet to traverse the network as if it were a regular IP packet.
Networking approach based on overlays
Different overlay networking approaches are often debated in the SDN community. Depending on the technology, some software-only solutions may not be able to integrate at the chip level. The layering of software and processing in overlay networking has been criticized for creating performance overhead. Network overlays are controlled by SDN controllers using the OpenFlow protocol, which requires specific software code or “agents” to be installed.
Change in Traffic Patterns
Thanks to the paradigm shift toward cloud computing, a host of physical servers and I/O devices can host multiple virtual servers that share the same logical network despite being in remote locations. In contrast to the traditional north-south direction of data traffic within data centers, virtualization has facilitated more significant east-west data traffic. Communication between servers and applications within a data center is known as east-west traffic.
In corporate networks or on the Internet, much of the data required by the end user involves more complex data that requires preprocessing. Using a web server (via an app server) to access a database as an example of east-west traffic, we can demonstrate the need for preprocessing.
The birth of network overlays
Network virtualization overlays have become the de facto solution for addressing the problems just described regarding data center expansion. Overlays allow existing network technologies to be abstracted, extending the capabilities of classic networks.
Networking has been using overlays for quite some time. As their name implies, overlays were developed to overcome the disadvantages of conventional networks. An overlay is a tunnel that runs on a physical network infrastructure.
Following MPLS- and GRE-based encapsulations in the 1990s, other tunneling technologies, such as IPsec,8 6in4,9, and L2TPv3,10, also gained popularity. For example, 6in4 tunnels were used to carry payloads over a transport network that could not support the payload type. These tunnels were utilized for security purposes, simplifying routing lookups, or carrying payloads over unsupported transport networks.
Understanding MPLS Forwarding
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching) forwarding is used in modern computer networks to route data packets efficiently. Unlike traditional IP routing, which relies on complex table lookups, MPLS forwarding utilizes labels to simplify and expedite packet forwarding. These labels act as virtual shortcuts, enabling faster and more streamlined transmission. To comprehend MPLS forwarding in action, let’s consider a hypothetical scenario of a multinational corporation with branch offices in different countries.
The organization can establish a private network that connects all its branches securely and efficiently by implementing MPLS forwarding. MPLS labels are assigned to packets at the ingress router and guide them through the network, ensuring reliable and optimized data transmission. This enables seamless communication, data sharing, and collaborative workflows across geographically dispersed locations.
What is the LDP Protocol?
The LDP protocol, short for Label Distribution Protocol, is a signaling protocol used in Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks. It facilitates the exchange of label mapping information between Label Switching Routers (LSRs), allowing them to establish forwarding equivalence classes (FECs) and efficiently forward data packets.
Label Distribution: The core functionality of the LDP protocol lies in its ability to distribute and assign labels to network paths. These labels help LSRs establish predetermined forwarding paths, enabling faster and more efficient packet forwarding.
Traffic Engineering: Through its Traffic Engineering (TE) extensions, the LDP protocol allows network administrators to optimize the utilization of network resources. Dynamically adjusting label assignments and traffic flows enables better load balancing and network performance.
Network Overlays and Virtual Networks
Network overlays have emerged as a powerful solution to address the challenges of modern networks’ increasing complexity. This blog post will explore network overlays, their benefits, and how they improve connectivity and scalability in today’s digital landscape.
Network overlays are virtual networks that run on physical networks, providing an additional abstraction layer. They allow organizations to create logical networks independent of the underlying physical infrastructure. This decoupling enables flexibility, scalability, and simplified management of complex network architectures.
Virtual Network Services
Network overlays refer to virtualizing network services and infrastructure over existing physical networks. By decoupling the network control plane from the underlying hardware, network overlays provide a layer of abstraction that simplifies network management while offering enhanced flexibility and scalability. This approach allows organizations to create virtual networks tailored to their specific needs without the constraints imposed by physical infrastructure limitations.
Creating an overlay tunnel
A network overlay is an architecture that creates a virtualized network on top of an existing physical network. It allows multiple virtual networks to run independently and securely on the same physical infrastructure. Network overlays are a great way to create a more secure and flexible network environment without investing in new infrastructure.
Network overlays can be used for various applications, such as creating virtual LANs (VLANs), virtual private networks (VPNs), and multicast networks. For example, we have DMVPN (Dynamic Multipoint VPN), with several DMVPN phases providing a secure network technology that allows for multiple sites’ efficient and secure connection.
In addition, they can segment traffic and provide secure communication between two or more networks. As a result, network overlays allow for more efficient resource use and provide better performance, scalability, and security.
Securing and overlay: GRE and IPSec
When combined, GRE and IPSec create a robust security infrastructure that addresses tunneling and encryption requirements. GRE tunnels establish secure connections between networks, enabling the transmission of encapsulated packets. IPSec then encrypts these packets, ensuring that data remains confidential and protected from interception. This powerful combination allows organizations to establish secure and private communication channels over untrusted networks like the Internet.
The utilization of GRE and IPSec brings numerous benefits to network security. Firstly, organizations can establish secure and scalable virtual private networks (VPNs) using GRE tunnels, allowing remote employees to access internal resources securely. Secondly, IPSec encryption protects data during transmission, safeguarding against eavesdropping and tampering. Additionally, the combination of GRE and IPSec facilitates secure communication between branch offices, enabling seamless collaboration and data sharing.
Enhanced Connectivity:
Network overlays improve connectivity by enabling seamless communication between different network domains. By abstracting the underlying physical infrastructure, overlays facilitate the creation of virtual network segments that can span geographical locations, data centers, and cloud environments. This enhanced connectivity promotes better collaboration, data sharing, and application access within and across organizations.
Example: VXLAN Flood and Learn
Unveiling Flood and Learn
Flood and learn is a fundamental concept in VXLAN that allows hosts to efficiently learn the MAC addresses of virtual machines within the same VXLAN segment. When a host receives an unknown unicast, it floods the packet to all other hosts within the VXLAN segment. The destination host then learns the MAC address and updates its forwarding table accordingly. This process ensures that subsequent packets are directly forwarded to the destination host, minimizing unnecessary flooding.
In traditional flood and learn implementations, flooding occurs using broadcast or unicast methods, which can lead to significant network congestion. However, by leveraging multicast, VXLAN flood and learn achieve enhanced efficiency and scalability. Multicast groups are established for each VXLAN segment, ensuring unknown unicast packets are only flooded to hosts subscribed to the respective multicast group. This targeted flooding reduces network overhead and optimizes bandwidth utilization.
VXLAN flood and learn with multicast opens up a world of possibilities in various networking scenarios. From data center virtualization to cloud computing environments, this approach offers benefits such as improved performance, reduced network latency, and simplified network management. It enables seamless communication between virtual machines, even across different physical hosts or clusters, enhancing the flexibility and scalability of virtualized networks.
Understanding IPv6 Tunneling
IPv6 tunneling is a mechanism that encapsulates IPv6 packets within IPv4 packets, allowing them to traverse an IPv4 network. This enables communication between IPv6-enabled devices across IPv4-only networks. By encapsulating IPv6 packets within IPv4 packets, tunneling provides a practical solution for the coexistence of both protocols.
Types of IPv6 Tunneling
There are several methods for implementing IPv6 tunneling over IPv4, each with advantages and considerations. Let’s explore some popular types:
Manual Tunneling: Manual tunneling involves configuring tunnels between IPv6 and IPv4 endpoints. This method requires configuring tunnel endpoints and addressing them, making it suitable for smaller networks or specific scenarios.
Automatic tunneling, also known as 6to4 tunneling, allows for automatically creating IPv6 tunnels over IPv4 networks. It utilizes a 6to4 relay router to facilitate communication between IPv6 and IPv4 networks. Automatic tunneling is relatively easy to set up and does not require manual configuration.
Teredo Tunneling: Teredo tunneling is a mechanism that enables IPv6 connectivity over IPv4 networks, even behind Network Address Translations (NATs). It provides a way for IPv6 traffic to traverse NAT devices by encapsulating IPv6 packets within UDP packets. Teredo tunneling is particularly useful for home networks and scenarios where IPv6 connectivity is limited.
Advanced Topic
DMVPM:
The underlay network forms the foundation of any DMVPN deployment. It consists of the physical infrastructure that connects the various endpoints. The underlay network ensures reliable and efficient data transmission from routers and switches to cables and network protocols. Key considerations in establishing a robust underlay include network design, redundancy, Quality of Service (QoS) policies, and security measures.
DMVPN truly shines in the overlay network, built on top of the underlay. It enables secure and efficient communication between remote sites, regardless of their physical locations. By leveraging multipoint GRE tunnels and dynamic routing protocols such as EIGRP or OSPF, DMVPN establishes a mesh network that seamlessly connects all endpoints. This overlay architecture eliminates the need for complex and static point-to-point VPN configurations, providing scalability and ease of management.
Benefits and Use Cases:
DMVPN offers a plethora of benefits and is extensively used across various industries. Its ability to provide secure and scalable connectivity makes it ideal for enterprises with multiple branch offices. By utilizing DMVPN, organizations can optimize their network infrastructure, reduce costs associated with traditional VPN solutions, and enhance overall network performance. Additionally, DMVPN enables seamless integration with cloud services and facilitates secure remote access for teleworkers.
Introducing Single Hub Dual Cloud
The single-hub dual cloud architecture takes DMVPN’s capabilities to the next level. In this setup, a central hub connects to two separate cloud service providers simultaneously, forming redundant paths for traffic. This redundancy ensures high availability and fault tolerance, making it an attractive option for businesses with critical network requirements.
Implementing DMVPN with a single hub dual cloud configuration offers several advantages. Firstly, it enhances network resilience by providing built-in failover capabilities. In a cloud service provider outage, traffic can seamlessly transition to the alternate cloud, minimizing downtime. Additionally, this architecture improves network performance through load balancing, distributing traffic across multiple paths for optimal utilization.
Related: Before you proceed, you may find the following helpful:
Highlights: Network Overlays
Supporting distributed application
There has been a significant paradigm shift in data center networks. This evolution has driven network overlays known as tunnel overlay, bringing several new requirements to data center designs. Distributed applications are transforming traffic profiles, and there is a rapid rise in intra-DC traffic ( East-West ).
We designers face several challenges in supporting this type of scale. First, we must implement network virtualization with the overlay tunnel for large cloud deployments.
Suppose a customer requires a logical segment per application, and each application requires load balancing or firewall services between segments. In that case, having an all-physical network using traditional VLANs is impossible. The limitations of 4000 VLANS and the requirement for stretched Layer 2 subnets have pushed designers to virtualize workloads over an underlying network.
Concepts of network Virtualization
Network virtualization involves dividing a single physical network into multiple virtual networks. Virtualizing a resource allows it to be shared by various users. Numerous virtual networks have emerged over the decades to satisfy different needs.
A primary distinction between these different types is their model for providing network connectivity. Networks can provide connectivity via bridging (L2) or routing (L3). Thus, virtual networks can be either virtual L2 networks or virtual L3 networks.
Virtual networks started with the Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN). First, the VLAN was invented to lessen the unnecessary chatter in a Layer 2 network by isolating applications from their noisy neighbors. Then VLAN was then pushed into the world of security.
Then, we had Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF). The virtual L3 network was invented along with the L3 Virtual Private Network (L3VPN) to solve the problem of interconnecting geographically disparate enterprise networks over a public network.
- VXLAN vs VLAN
One of the first notable differences between VXLAN and VLAN was increased scalability. The VXLAN ID is 24 bits, enabling you to create up to 16 million isolated networks. This overcomes the limitation of VLANs having the 12-bit VLAN ID, which enables only a maximum of 4094 isolated networks.
What are the drawbacks of network overlays, and how does it affect network stability?
Control Plane Interaction
Tunneled network overlays
Virtualization adds a level of complexity to the network. Consider the example of a standard tunnel. We are essentially virtualizing workloads over an underlying network. From a control plane perspective, there must be more than one control plane.
This results in two views of the network’s forwarding and reachability information—a view from the tunnel endpoints and a view from the underlying network. The control plane may be static or dynamic and provides reachability through the virtual topology on top of it, which provides reachability to the tunnel endpoints.
Router A has two paths to reach 192.0.2.0/24. Already, we have the complexity of influencing and managing what traffic should and shouldn’t go down the tunnel. Modifying metrics for specific destinations will influence path selection, but this comes with additional configuration complexity and policies’ manual management.
The incorrect interaction configuration between two control planes may cause a routing loop or suboptimal routing through the tunnel interfaces. The “routers in the middle” and the “routers at tunnel edges” have different views of the network – increasing network complexity.
- A key point: Not an independent topology
These two control planes may seem to act independently but are not independent topologies. The control plane of the virtual topology relies heavily on the control plane of the underlying network. These control planes should not be allowed to interplay freely, as both can react differently to inevitable failures. The timing of the convergence process and how quickly each control plane reacts may be the same or different.
The underlying network could converge faster or slower than the overlaying control plane, affecting application performance. Design best practice is to design the network overlays control plane so that it detects and reacts to network failures faster than the underlying control plane or have the underlying control plane detect and respond faster than the network overlays control plane.
Encapsulation overhead
Every VXLAN packet originating from the end host and sent toward the IP core will be stamped with a VXLAN header. This leads to an additional 50 bytes per packet from the source to the destination server. If the core cannot accommodate the greater MTU size or the Path MTU is broken, the packet may be fragmented into smaller pieces. Also, the VXLAN header must be encapsulated and de-encapsulated on the virtual switch, which takes up computing cycles. Both of these are problematic for network performance.
Security in a tunnel overlay
Tunnels and network overlays have many security flaws. The most notable is that they hide path information. A tunnel can pass one route on one day and take another path on a different day, and the change of path may be unknown to the network administrator. Traditional routing is hop-by-hop; every router decides where the traffic should be routed.
However, independent hop-by-hop decisions are not signaled or known by the tunnel endpoints. As a result, an attacker can direct the tunnel traffic via an unintended path where the rerouted traffic can be monitored and snooped.
Tunneled traffic hides from any policies or security checkpoints. Many firewalls have HTTP port 80 open to support web browsing. This can allow an attacker to tunnel traffic in an HTTP envelope, bypassing all the security checks. There are also several security implications if you are tunneling with GRE.
First, GRE does not perform encryption or authentication on any part of the data journey. The optional 32-bit tunnel key for identifying individual traffic flows can easily be brute-forced due to the restriction of 2×32 number combinations.
Finally, it implements the sequence number used to provide a method of in-order delivery poorly. These shortcomings have opened up to several MTU-based and GRE packet injection attacks.
STP and Layer 2 attacks
VXLAN extends layer 2 domains across layer 3 boundaries, resulting in more extensive layer 2 flat networks. Regarding intrusion, the attack zones become much more significant as we connect up to two remote disjointed endpoints. This increases the attack zones over traditional VLANs where the Layer 2 broadcast domain was much smaller.
You are open to various STP attacks if you run STP over VXLAN. Tools such as BSD brconfig and Linux bridge-utilis allow you to generate STP frames into a Layer 2 network and can be used to insert a rogue root bridge to modify the traffic path.
Tunnel overlay with VXLAN inbuilt security?
The VXLAN standard has no built-in security, so if your core is not secure and becomes compromised, so will all your VXLAN tunneled traffic. Schemes such as 802.1x should be deployed for the admission control of VTEP ( tunnel endpoints ). 802.1x at the edges provides defense so that rogue endpoints may not inject traffic into the VXLAN cloud. The VXLAN payload can also be encrypted with IPsec.
Closing Points: Understanding Network Overlays
At its core, a network overlay is a virtual network created using software-defined networking (SDN) technologies. It enables the creation of logical network segments independent of the physical infrastructure. By decoupling the network’s control plane from its data plane, overlays provide network architectures flexibility, scalability, and agility.
Benefits of Network Overlays
Enhanced Security and Isolation
Network overlays provide strong isolation between virtual networks, ensuring that traffic remains separate and secure. This isolation helps protect sensitive data and prevents unauthorized access, making overlays an ideal solution for multi-tenant environments.
Simplified Network Management
With network overlays, administrators can manage and control the network centrally, regardless of the underlying physical infrastructure. This centralized management simplifies network provisioning, configuration, and troubleshooting, improving operational efficiency.
Summary: Network Overlays
Network overlays have revolutionized the way we connect and communicate in the digital realm. In this blog post, we will explore the fascinating world of network overlays, their purpose, benefits, and how they function. So, fasten your seatbelts as we embark on this exciting journey!
What are Network Overlays?
Network overlays are virtual networks that are built on top of an existing physical network infrastructure. They provide an additional layer of abstraction, allowing for enhanced flexibility, scalability, and security. By decoupling the logical network from the physical infrastructure, network overlays enable organizations to optimize their network resources and streamline operations.
Benefits of Network Overlays
Improved Scalability:
Network overlays allow for seamless scaling of network resources without disrupting the underlying infrastructure. This means that as your network demands grow, you can easily add or remove virtual network components without affecting the overall network performance.
Enhanced Security:
With network overlays, organizations can implement advanced security measures to protect their data and applications. By creating isolated virtual networks, sensitive information can be shielded from unauthorized access, reducing the risk of potential security breaches.
Simplified Network Management:
Network overlays provide a centralized management interface, allowing administrators to control and monitor the entire network from a single point of control. This simplifies network management tasks, improves troubleshooting capabilities, and enhances overall operational efficiency.
How Network Overlays Work
Overlay Protocols:
Network overlays utilize various overlay protocols such as VXLAN (Virtual Extensible LAN), NVGRE (Network Virtualization using Generic Routing Encapsulation), and GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) to encapsulate and transmit data packets across the physical network.
Control Plane and Data Plane Separation:
Network overlays separate the control plane from the data plane. The control plane handles the creation, configuration, and management of virtual networks, while the data plane deals with the actual forwarding of data packets.
Use Cases of Network Overlays
Multi-Tenancy Environments:
Network overlays are highly beneficial in multi-tenant environments, where multiple organizations or users share the same physical network infrastructure. By creating isolated virtual networks, each tenant can have their own dedicated resources while maintaining logical separation.
Data Center Interconnectivity:
Network overlays enable seamless connectivity between geographically dispersed data centers. By extending virtual networks across different locations, organizations can achieve efficient workload migration, disaster recovery, and improved application performance.
Hybrid Cloud Deployments:
Network overlays play a crucial role in hybrid cloud environments, where organizations combine public cloud services with on-premises infrastructure. They provide a unified network fabric that connects the different cloud environments, ensuring smooth data flow and consistent network policies.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, network overlays have revolutionized the networking landscape by providing virtualization and abstraction layers on top of physical networks. Their benefits, including improved scalability, enhanced security, and simplified management, make them an essential component in modern network architectures. As technology continues to evolve, network overlays will undoubtedly play a vital role in shaping the future of networking.
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