The Internet of Things consists of a network of several devices, including a range of digital and mechanical objects, with separate access to transfer information over a network. The word “thing” can also represent an individual with a heart- monitor implant or even a pet with an IoT-based collar.

The term “thing” reflects the association of “internet” to devices previously disconnected with internet access. For example, the alarm clock was never meant to be internet-enabled, but now you can connect it to the Internet. With IoT, the options are endless.

Examples: IoT Access Technologies

Then, we have IoT access technologies. The three major network access technologies for IoT Connectivity are Standard Wireless Access – WiFi, 2G, 3G, and standard LTE. We also have Private Long Range – LoRA-based platforms, Zigbee and SigFox. Mobile IoT Technologies – LTE-M, NB-IoT, and EC-GSM-IoT

The origins of the Internet, which started in the 1960s, look entirely different from our current map. It is now no longer a luxury but more of a necessity. It started with areas such as basic messaging, which grew to hold the elasticity and dynamic nature of the cloud, to a significant technological shift into the world of the Internet of Things (IoT): Internet of Things theory.

It’s not about buying and selling computers and connecting them anymore; it’s all about data, analytics, and new solutions, such as event stream processing.

Internet of Things Access Technologies: A New World

A World with the Right Connections

IoT represents a new world where previously unconnected devices have new communication paths and reachability points. This marks IoT as the next evolutionary phase of the Internet, building better customer solutions.

The revolutionary phase is not just a technical phase; ethical challenges now face organizations, society, and governments. In the past, computers relied on input from humans. We entered keystrokes, and the machine would perform an action based on the input.

The computer had no sensors that could automatically detect the world around it and perform a specific action based on that. IoT ties these functions together. The function could be behavioral, making the object carry out a particular task or provide other information. IoT brings a human element to technology, connecting physically to logic.

 It’s all about data and analytics.

The Internet of Things is not just about connectivity. The power of IoT comes from how all these objects are connected and the analytics they provide. New analytics lead to new use cases that will lead to revolutionary ideas enhancing our lives. Sensors are not just put on machines and objects but also on living things. Have you heard of the connected cow? Maybe we should start calling this “cow computing” instead of “cloud computing.” For example, an agricultural firm called Chitale Group uses IoT technologies to keep tabs on herds to monitor their thirst.

These solutions will formulate a new type of culture, intertwining various connected objects and dramatically shifting how we interact with our surroundings. This new type of connectivity will undoubtedly formulate how we live and form the base of a new culture of connectivity and communication.

 IoT Access Technologies: Data management – Edge, fog, and cloud computing

In the traditional world of I.T. networks, data management is straightforward. It is based on I.P. with a client/server model, and the data is in a central location. IoT brings new data management concepts such as Edge, Cloud, and Fog computing. However, the sheer scale of IoT data management presents many challenges. Low bandwidth of the last mile leads to high latency, and new IoT architectural concepts such as Fog computing, where you analyze data close to where it’s connected, are needed. 

Like the cloud in Skype, Fog is on the ground and best suited for constrained networks that need contextual awareness and quick reaction. Edge computing is another term where the processing is carried out at the furthest point – the IoT device itself. Edge computing is often called Mist computing.

Cloud computing is not everything.

IoT brings highlights the concept that “cloud computing is not everything.” IoT will require onsite data processing; some data must be analyzed in real-time. This form of edge computing is essential when you need near-time results and when there isn’t time to send visual, speed, and location information to the cloud for instructions on what to do next. For example, if a dog runs out in front of your car, the application does not have the time for several round trips to the cloud. 

Services like iCloud have had a rough few years. Businesses are worried about how secure their data will be when using one of the many cloud-based services available, especially after the iCloud data breach in 2014. However, with the rise of cloud security solutions, many businesses are starting to see the benefits of cloud technology, as they no longer have to worry about their data security.

The Internet is prone to latency, and we cannot fix it unless we shorten the links or change the speed of light. Connected cars require the capability to “think” and make decisions on the ground without additional hops to the cloud.

Fog Computing – Distributed Infrastructure 

Fog computing is a distributed computing infrastructure between a network’s edge and the cloud. It is a distributed computing architecture designed to address the challenges of latency and bandwidth constraints introduced by traditional cloud computing. Fog computing decentralizes the computing process rather than relying on a single, centralized data center to store and process data. It enables data to be processed closer to the network’s edge.

Fog computing performs better than cloud computing in meeting the demands of emerging paradigms. However, batch processing is still preferred for high-end jobs in the business world, so it can only partially replace cloud computing. In conclusion, fog computing and cloud computing complement one another while having their advantages and disadvantages. Edge computing is crucial in the Internet of Things (IoT).

Security, confidentiality, and system reliability are research topics in the fog computing platform. Cloud computing will meet the needs of business communities with its lower cost based on a utility pricing model. In contrast, fog computing is expected to serve the emerging network paradigms that require faster processing with less delay and delay jitter. Fog computing will grow by supporting the emerging network paradigms that require faster processing with less delay and delay jitter.

Internet of Things Access Technologies: Architectural Standpoint

A ) From an architectural point of view, one must determine the technologies used to allow these “things” to communicate with each other. And the technologies chosen are determined by how the object is classified. I.T. network architecture has matured over the last decade, but IoT architectures bring new paradigms and a fresh approach. For example, traditional security designs consist of physical devices with well-designed modules.

B ) Although new technologies such as VM NIC Firewalls and other distributed firewalls other than IoT have dissolved the perimeter, IoT brings dispersed sensors outside the protected network, completely dissolving the perimeter to a new level. 

C) When evaluating the type of network needed to connect IoT smart objects, one needs to address transmission range, frequency bands, power consumption, topology, and constrained devices and networks. The technologies used for these topologies include IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.15.4g and IEEE 802.15.4e, IEEE 1901.2a, IEEE 802.11ah, LoRaWAN, and NB-IoT. The majority of them are wireless. Similar to I.T. networks, IoT networks follow Layer 1 (PHY), Layer 2 (MAC), Layer 3 (I.P.), etc. layers. And some of these layers require optimizations to support IoT intelligent objects.

IP/TCP/UDP in an IoT world

– The Internet Protocol (I.P.) is an integral part of IoT due to its versatility in dealing with the large array of changes in Layer 1 and Layer 2 to suit the last-mile IoT access technologies. I.P. is the Internet protocol that connects billions of networks with a well-understood knowledge base. Everyone understands I.P. and knows how to troubleshoot it.

– It has proven robust and scalable, providing a solid framework for bi-directional or unidirectional communication between IoT devices. Sometimes, the full I.P. stack may not be necessary as protocol overhead may exceed device data. 

– More importantly, IPv6. Using I.P. for the last mile of constrained networks requires introducing a new mechanism and routing protocols, such as RLP and adaptation layers, to handle the constrained environments. In addition, routing protocol optimizations must occur for constrained devices and networks. This is where we see the introduction of the IPv6 RPL protocol. IPv6 RPL protocol is a distance-vector routing protocol specifically designed for IoT intelligent objects.

– Optimizations are needed at various levels, and control plane traffic must be kept to a minimum, leading to new algorithms such as On-Demand Distance Vector. Standard routing algorithms learn the paths and store the information for future use. This works compared to AODV, which does not send a message until a route is needed.

Both TCP and UDP have their place in IoT:

TCP and UDP will play a significant role in the IoT transport layer. TCP for guaranteed delivery or UDP to leave the handling to a higher layer. The additional activities TCP brings to make it a reliable transport protocol come at the overhead cost per packet and session.

On the other hand, UDP is connectionless and often used for performance, which is more critical than packet retransmission. Therefore, a low-power and Lossy network (LLN) may be better suited than UDP and a more robust cellular network for TCP.

Session overhead may not be a problem on everyday I.T. infrastructures. Still, it can cause stress on IoT-constrained networks and devices, especially when a device needs only to send a few bytes per bytes of data per transaction. IoT Class 0 devices that only send a few bytes do not need to implement a full network protocol stack. For example, small payloads can be transported on top of the MAC layer without TCP or UDP.

**Ethical Challenges**

What are the ethical ramifications of IoT? In the Cold War, everyone was freaked out about nuclear war; now, it’s all about data science. We are creating billions of connected “things,” and we don’t know what’s to come. The responsibilities around the ethical framework for IoT and the data it generates fall broadly on individual governments and society.

These are not technical choices; they are socially driven. This might scare people and hold them back with IoT, but if you look at technology, it’s been a fantastic force for good. One should not resist IoT and the use cases it will offer our lives. However, I don’t think it will work out well for you if you do.

New technologies will always have risks and challenges. But if you reflect on and look at original technologies, such as the wheel, they created new jobs rather than destroyed old ones. IoT is the same. It’s about being on the right side of history and accepting it.

Example Product: Cisco Edge Device Manager

### What is Cisco Edge Device Manager?

Cisco Edge Device Manager is a cutting-edge platform designed to simplify the management of edge devices. It provides a unified interface for monitoring, configuring, and troubleshooting devices located at the edge of the network. By leveraging Cisco EDM, businesses can ensure optimal performance, reduce downtime, and enhance security across their edge infrastructure.

### Key Features and Benefits

#### Seamless Integration

One of the standout features of Cisco Edge Device Manager is its seamless integration with the Cisco IoT Operations Dashboard. This synergy allows for a centralized view of all IoT devices, enabling efficient management and streamlined operations.

#### Enhanced Security

Cisco EDM prioritizes security, offering advanced features such as automated firmware updates, real-time threat detection, and secure communication channels. These measures ensure that your edge devices are protected against potential cyber threats.

#### Scalability

Whether you have a handful of devices or thousands, Cisco Edge Device Manager scales effortlessly to meet your needs. Its flexible architecture supports the growth of your IoT infrastructure without compromising performance or reliability.

### Practical Applications

Cisco Edge Device Manager is not just a tool; it’s a game-changer for various industries. Here are a few practical applications:

– **Manufacturing**: Monitor and manage factory equipment in real-time to enhance productivity and reduce maintenance costs.

– **Retail**: Ensure seamless operation of point-of-sale systems and inventory tracking devices, improving customer experience.

– **Healthcare**: Maintain the performance and security of medical devices, ensuring patient safety and data integrity.

### Getting Started with Cisco Edge Device Manager

Setting up Cisco Edge Device Manager is straightforward. Begin by integrating it with your existing Cisco IoT Operations Dashboard. Next, configure your edge devices through the intuitive interface, and start monitoring their performance and security. Cisco provides detailed documentation and support to guide you through each step.

Cisco and IoT

One technology that has significantly advanced IoT is Cisco’s LoRaWAN. LoRaWAN, short for Long Range Wide Area Network, is a low-power, wide-area network protocol for long-range communication between IoT devices.

It operates in the sub-gigahertz frequency bands, providing an extended communication range while consuming minimal power. This makes it ideal for applications that require long-distance connectivity, such as smart cities, agriculture, asset tracking, and industrial automation.

Cisco’s Contribution: Cisco, a global leader in networking solutions, has embraced LoRaWAN technology and has been at the forefront of driving its adoption. The company has developed a comprehensive suite of LoRaWAN solutions, including gateways, sensors, and network infrastructure, enabling businesses to leverage the power of IoT.

Example Use Case: Cisco’s LoRaWAN-compliant solution.

With Cisco’s LoRaWAN-compliant solution, IoT sensors and endpoints can be connected cheaply across cities and rural areas. Low power consumption also extends battery life up to several years. The solution operates in the 800–900 MHz ISM band around the globe as part of Cisco’s LoRaWAN (long-range wide-area network) solution.

The Cisco Industrial Asset Vision solution includes it and a stand-alone component. Monitoring equipment, people, and facilities with LoRaWAN sensors improve business resilience, safety, and efficiency.

Benefits of Cisco’s LoRaWAN:

1. Extended Range: With its long-range capabilities, Cisco’s LoRaWAN enables devices to communicate over several kilometers, surpassing the limitations of traditional wireless networks.

2. Low Power Consumption: LoRaWAN devices consume minimal power, allowing them to operate on batteries for an extended period. This makes them ideal for applications where the power supply is limited or impractical to install.

3. Scalability: Cisco’s LoRaWAN solutions are highly scalable, accommodating thousands of devices and ensuring seamless communication between them. This scalability makes it suitable for large-scale deployments, such as smart cities or industrial IoT applications.

4. Secure Connectivity: Security is a top priority in any IoT deployment. Cisco’s LoRaWAN solutions incorporate robust security measures, ensuring data integrity and protection against unauthorized access.

Cisco’s LoRaWAN Use Cases:

1. Smart Agriculture: LoRaWAN allows farmers to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and humidity, optimize irrigation, and reduce water consumption. Cisco’s LoRaWAN solutions provide reliable connectivity to enable efficient farming practices.

2. Asset Tracking: From logistics to supply chain management, tracking assets in real-time is crucial. Cisco’s LoRaWAN solutions enable accurate and cost-effective asset tracking, enhancing operational efficiency.

3. Smart Cities: LoRaWAN is vital in building smart cities. It allows municipalities to monitor and manage various aspects, such as parking, waste management, and street lighting. Cisco’s LoRaWAN solutions provide the necessary infrastructure to support these initiatives.

As the IoT ecosystem expands, the choice of access technologies becomes critical to ensure seamless connectivity and efficient data exchange. Wi-Fi, cellular networks, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and LoRaWAN are examples of today’s diverse IoT access technologies.

By understanding the strengths and limitations of each technology, businesses and individuals can make informed decisions about which access technology best suits their IoT applications. As we embrace the connected future, IoT access technologies will continue to evolve, enabling us to unlock the full potential of the Internet of Things.

IoT Access Technologies Closing Points

Wi-Fi is one of the most widely used access technologies in IoT. It offers high data rates, making it ideal for applications that require significant bandwidth, such as video streaming from security cameras or data transfers from smart appliances. However, Wi-Fi networks typically have limited range, which may necessitate additional infrastructure for widespread IoT deployments. Its widespread adoption in residential and commercial settings makes Wi-Fi a popular choice for many IoT applications

Cellular networks provide a robust solution for IoT devices that require mobility and extensive coverage. Technologies like 4G LTE and the emerging 5G networks offer high-speed data connections over large distances, making them perfect for applications such as connected vehicles and remote monitoring systems. The ability to maintain connectivity while moving and the potential for low-latency communication with 5G make cellular networks a pivotal component in the IoT landscape.

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) are designed specifically for IoT applications that require long-range connectivity with minimal power consumption. Technologies such as LoRaWAN and Sigfox excel in scenarios where devices need to operate for extended periods without frequent battery replacements, such as in environmental monitoring or smart agriculture. These networks typically offer lower data rates, but their energy efficiency and extensive coverage make them ideal for specific IoT use cases.

For IoT applications that require short-range communication, Bluetooth and Zigbee are popular choices. Bluetooth is widely used in personal devices like wearables and health monitors due to its low power consumption and ease of integration. Zigbee, on the other hand, is often employed in smart home ecosystems, providing reliable mesh networking capabilities that enhance device-to-device communication within a limited area. Both technologies offer solutions for specific IoT scenarios where proximity and power efficiency are priorities.