Cisco Secure Workload

Cisco Umbrella CASB

by Publications

Cisco Umbrella CASB

In today's digital landscape, businesses face numerous security challenges. Protecting sensitive data and ensuring compliance with regulations are top priorities. This is where Cisco Umbrella CASB (Cloud Access Security Broker) comes into play. In this blog post, we will explore the key features and benefits of Cisco Umbrella CASB, and how it empowers organizations to secure their cloud environments effectively.

CASB, short for Cloud Access Security Broker, is a critical component of modern cybersecurity strategies. It provides organizations with visibility and control over cloud services, ensuring data protection and compliance. Cisco Umbrella CASB takes this to the next level, offering a comprehensive solution that covers all aspects of cloud security.

Cisco Umbrella CASB boasts a wide range of features that make it a powerful tool for securing cloud environments. From advanced threat protection to data loss prevention, here are some key features that set it apart:

Cloud Application Visibility: Cisco Umbrella CASB provides detailed visibility into all cloud applications in use within an organization. This allows administrators to identify potential risks and enforce policies to mitigate them effectively.

Threat Detection and Response: With its advanced threat detection capabilities, Cisco Umbrella CASB helps organizations identify and respond to potential security breaches promptly. It leverages machine learning algorithms and behavioral analytics to detect anomalous activities and prevent data exfiltration.

Data Loss Prevention (DLP): Protecting sensitive data is a top priority for organizations. Cisco Umbrella CASB enables granular data loss prevention policies, ensuring that confidential information remains protected throughout its lifecycle in the cloud.

One of the significant advantages of Cisco Umbrella CASB is its seamless integration with existing security infrastructure. It can easily integrate with other Cisco security solutions, such as Cisco Secure Email Gateway and Cisco Advanced Malware Protection, providing a unified approach to cloud security.

Compliance with industry regulations is crucial for organizations across various sectors. Cisco Umbrella CASB offers robust compliance and governance features that help organizations meet regulatory requirements. It provides visibility into user activities, enforces policies, and generates detailed compliance reports.

Cisco Umbrella CASB is a game-changer in the realm of cloud security. Its comprehensive features, seamless integration capabilities, and enhanced compliance and governance make it a go-to solution for organizations seeking to secure their cloud environments effectively. By leveraging the power of Cisco Umbrella CASB, businesses can confidently embrace the cloud while safeguarding their valuable data.

Matt Conran

Highlights: Cisco Umbrella CASB

Understanding Cisco Umbrella CASB

**Understanding the Basics of Cisco Umbrella CASB**

Cisco Umbrella CASB is designed to provide comprehensive security for cloud applications. It acts as an intermediary between cloud service users and providers, ensuring that data and applications are used securely. By offering visibility and control over user activities, it helps organizations mitigate risks associated with unmanaged devices and shadow IT. Its seamless integration into existing security frameworks makes it a preferred choice for IT administrators looking to enhance their cloud security posture.

**Key Features and Capabilities**

One of the standout features of Cisco Umbrella CASB is its ability to provide detailed insight into cloud service usage. It offers real-time monitoring and analytics, allowing organizations to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities quickly. Additionally, the platform supports advanced threat protection, data loss prevention, and compliance management, ensuring that all cloud activities adhere to regulatory standards. These capabilities make Cisco Umbrella CASB a comprehensive solution for businesses looking to secure their cloud environments.

**Implementing Cisco Umbrella CASB in Your Organization**

Deploying Cisco Umbrella CASB is a straightforward process that can significantly enhance your organization’s cloud security. By integrating with existing security tools and systems, it provides a unified approach to managing cloud access and protecting sensitive data. Organizations can customize policies to meet specific security needs, ensuring a tailored approach to risk management and compliance. This flexibility makes Cisco Umbrella CASB an invaluable asset in the quest for secure cloud operations.

Deployment: CASB Solution

– CASBs operate using two approaches: Inline CASB solutions reside in the users and service connection path. They may do this through a hardware appliance or an endpoint agent that routes requests through the CASB.

– This approach requires the configuration of the network and endpoint devices. However, it provides the advantage of seeing requests before they are sent to the cloud service, allowing the CASB to block submissions that violate policy.

– API-based CASB solutions do not interact directly with the user but rather with the cloud provider through the provider’s API. This approach provides direct access to the cloud service and does not require any user device configuration. However, it also does not allow the CASB to block requests that violate policy. As a result, API-based CASBs are limited to monitoring user activity and reporting on or correcting policy violations after the fact.

Key Features and Benefits:

a) Cloud Application Visibility: Cisco Umbrella CASB offers real-time visibility into cloud applications being used within your organization. This enables you to identify shadow IT, assess the risk associated with different applications, and enforce appropriate security policies.

b) Data Loss Prevention: With advanced data loss prevention capabilities, Cisco Umbrella CASB helps prevent unauthorized access, sharing, or leakage of sensitive data. It allows you to define granular policies, monitor data movement, and take proactive measures to mitigate data breaches.

c) Threat Detection and Response: Powered by machine learning and artificial intelligence, Cisco Umbrella CASB proactively detects and blocks threats in real-time. It analyzes user behavior, identifies anomalies, and provides actionable insights to secure your cloud environment against malware, phishing attacks, and other cyber threats.

d) A Platform Approach

We must opt for a platform approach to visibility and control. More specifically, a platform that works in a 3rd party environment. So, for cloud security, this is where secure access service edge (SASE) can assist. In particular, the Cisco version is SASE, or Cisco Umbrella CASB, which comes with various versions depending on your needs. The SASE Cisco umbrella CASB solution has a variety of CASB security functions and CASB tools, Data Loss Prevention (DLP), and Umbrella Remote Browser Isolation (RBI), which can help you better understand and control your environment.

e) Automatic Discovery and Risk Profiling

The manual process involves investigating and mapping traffic patterns, data movement, and usage. For this, we need automatic discovery and risk profiling. It would help if you had visibility into applications, files, and data you may know and those you do not know about. You will be amazed by the number of malicious files and data already in sanctioned applications.

Example Technology: Sensitive Data Protection

Sensitive data protection

Cloud Security Threats

  • Cloud Challenges:

Today’s shared challenge is that organizations need to know what applications they have in their environment. They also need to figure out what to do with specific types of data or how to find users and assign policies to them. These requirements must be met on someone else’s infrastructure, the cloud.

Working in cloud environments, which differ significantly from on-premises, involves significant risks. Could you consider storage? For example, unprotected storage environments pose a much greater security risk in the public cloud than in a private data center.

  • On-premise Data Centers

Within an on-premise private data center, the firewall controls generally restrict direct access to storage, limiting the exposure of an unprotected file to users who already have access to data center systems. On the other hand, an improperly managed storage bucket in the public cloud may be entirely unfiltered for the entire Internet, with only a few clicks by a single person or automated playbooks without role-based access control (RBAC).

Related: For pre-information, you may find the following helpful:

  1. SD WAN SASE
  2. Cisco Secure Firewall
  3. SASE Model
  4. Cisco CloudLock

Cisco Umbrella & SASE

The Role of SASE

The Cisco Umbrella SASE solution offers other security functionality, such as a cloud-delivered Layer 7 Firewall, Secured Web Gateways (SWG), DNS-layer security, SD-WAN, and Thousand Eyes integration for Monitoring and Observability conditions. So, we have the traditional security stack you are familiar with and added enhancements to make it more cloud-friendly. These functionalities are part of a single SASE solution, and you can benefit from a Cisco Umbrella dashboard with API integrations. 

The Cisco Umbrella CASB fulfills a variety of CASB security use cases. The use case for the CASB solution depends on where you are in your SASE and cloud security voyage. For example, if you are interested in blocking Malware and content, then Umbrella DNS filtering would be fine.

Umbrella Security Features:

However, you may be looking for additional security requirements. For example, you will need Data Loss Prevention (DLP), Cloud Access Security Brokers (CASB), and Umbrella Remote Browser Isolation (RBI). In that case, we need to move toward Umbrella SIG, which includes Layer 7 Firewalls. Cisco Umbrella offers several packages ranging from DNS Security Essentials to SIG Advantage. More information can be found here: Cisco Umbrella Packages.

1.**Continuous File Monitoring**

Along with these security features, Cisco Umbrella also has continuous file monitoring. You scan data at rest for any sanctioned application and files within those approved applications that could be malicious. These tools will improve your security posture and protect organizations against cloud-specific risks.

The Cisco Umbrella CASB components take you from the initial Discovery to understanding the Risk to maintaining activity by controlling access to specific applications for certain users and actions.

These security activities are carried out by the Cisco Umbrella’s Data Loss Prevention (DLP), Cloud Access Security Brokers (CASB), and Remote Browser Isolation engines.

2.**Umbrella Remote Browser Isolation**

What is Remote Browser Isolation? Browsing the Internet is a dangerous activity. Unfortunately, there are an abundance of threats. These include malicious Javascript, malvertising, exploit kits, and drive-by downloads. All of these target users who interact with web content via their browsers.

Typically, when a user’s browser is compromised, the attacker achieves access to the machine the browser runs on. However, the bad actors’ target assets are rarely on the first machine they compromise. For this, they will commonly proceed to move throughout the network laterally.

Challenge: Lateral Movements

**Remote Browser Isolation**

Unfortunately, the tool they use to move laterally is often a good sys admin tool, so it can be hard to detect as a security best practice; it’s much better to eliminate the availability of any lateral movements.

However, with Umbrella Remote Browser Isolation (RBI), the remote browser runs in an isolated container in the cloud, thus mitigating the attack surface to an absolute minimum and removing the potential to move laterally.

Therefore, the most sensible thing to do is to isolate the browsing function. With browser isolation technologies, Malware is kept off the end user’s system, reducing the surface area for attack by shifting the risk of attack to the server sessions, which can be reset to a known good state on every new browsing session, tab opened, or URL accessed.

**Redirect Browsings**

Umbrella Remote Browser Isolation protects users from Malware and threats by redirecting browsing to a cloud-based host, which for some is based on a containerized technology. Isolation is achieved by serving web content to users via a remotely spun-up surrogate browser in the cloud.

The Umbrella Remote Browser Isolation allows users to access whatever content they want, such as a web location or document. The user is sent via an isolation engine, which strips away anything that can be malicious, such as Macros or Malware, and then gives them a fully rendered version of the content.

**Rendered Clean Version**

For example, this could be a web app or a website. With remote browser isolation, you scrub away anything that could be malicious and give it a rendered clean version.

So, to the user, it is fully transparent, and they have no idea that they are looking at a rendered version. However, it provides clean and safe content that will not introduce malware into the environment without a performance hit.

Example: Detecting Threats in Logs

Understanding syslog and auth.log

Syslog is a standard protocol for message logging, allowing devices to send log messages to a centralized server. Auth.log, on the other hand, Auth.log is a specific log file that records authentication-related events on Unix-like systems. Familiarizing ourselves with these logs is the first step toward effective security event detection.

Syslog messages can provide valuable insights into security events. By examining their content and structure, we can identify anomalies, such as repeated failed login attempts, suspicious network connections, or unexpected system reboots. Various log analysis tools, like Splunk and ELK stack, offer powerful features to aid this process.

Auth.log is a goldmine for detecting potential security breaches. This log file captures authentication-related events, such as successful logins, failed login attempts, and user privilege escalations. By carefully monitoring auth.log, security analysts can spot unauthorized access attempts, brute-force attacks, or unusual user behavior, enabling them to take timely action to mitigate potential threats.

Starting Cisco Umbrella CASB

You can use Cisco Umbrella CASB to discover your actual usage of cloud services through multiple means, such as network monitoring, integration with existing network gateways and monitoring tools or even monitoring Domain Name System (DNS) queries. The CASB solution provides this form of discovery service.

This is the first step to CASB security, understanding both sanctioned and shadow I.T. Once the different services are discovered, a CASB solution can monitor activity on approved services through two standard deployment options.

First, we have an API connection or inline (man-in-the-middle) interception. Some vendors offer a multimode approach. Both deployment modes have their advantages and disadvantages.

The CASB alone is far from a silver bullet and works in combination with other security functions. The power of Cisco Umbrella CASB depends on its Data Loss Prevention (DLP) capabilities, which can be either part of the CASB solution or an external service, depending on the CASB security vendor’s capabilities. The Cisco Umbrella has an inline DLP engine.

Data Loss Prevention

After the Discovery is performed, CASB security can be used as a preventative control to block access to SaaS products. This functionality, however, is being quickly replaced through the integration of DLP. DLP systems inspect network traffic, leaving your systems looking for sensitive data. Traffic carrying unauthorized data is terminated to protect it from loss and leakage.

Through integration with a DLP service, you can continue to allow access to a SaaS product but control what is being done within that SaaS product. For example, if somebody uses Twitter, you can restrict specific keywords or statements from being sent to the platform.

So, for example, if you’re using an application like Salesforce in the cloud and have a policy that you’re not allowed to copy customers or download customer databases from Salesforce, the CASB solution can enforce that and monitor if someone attempts to download or violate the policies.

Example Technology: IPS IDS

Suricate IPS/IDS has a range of powerful features, making it a formidable defense mechanism for your network. Some of its notable features include:

1. Intrusion Detection: Suricate continuously scans network traffic, analyzing it for any signs of malicious behavior or suspicious activities. It can identify various attacks, such as DDoS attacks, SQL injections, and malware intrusions.

2. Intrusion Prevention: Suricate IPS is a proactive shield that prevents potential threats from infiltrating your network. It can block malicious packets, unauthorized access attempts, and suspicious traffic patterns, effectively neutralizing potential risks.

3. Real-time Alerting: Suricate instantly alerts network administrators or security teams whenever it detects a potential threat. These alerts provide valuable insights and allow for immediate response and mitigation, minimizing the impact of an attack.

Cisco Umbrella CASB: SASE Capabilities

Cisco Umbrella’s CASB, DLP, and Umbrella remote browser isolation (RBI) offering is a core part of Cisco’s overall SASE strategy. The value of CASB security is from its capability to give insight into cloud application use across cloud platforms and identify unsanctioned use.

CASBs use auto-discovery to detect cloud applications and identify high-risk applications and users. In addition, they include DLP functionality and the capability to detect and provide alerts when abnormal user activity occurs to help stop internal and external threats. This enables Cisco Umbrella to expose shadow I.T. by providing the capability to detect and report on the cloud applications used across your environment.

Now, we have a central place for all applications. Cisco Umbrella CASB looks at all your cloud applications and puts them in a single box, on a single pane of glass, that you can manage and look at what’s happening, but that functionality has to exist already. So, instead of going to a hundred different applications and cloud providers, you just go to one system, and your CASB solution handles everything.

Pillar1: Visibility 

The CASB security should detect all cloud services, assign each a risk ranking, and identify all users and third-party apps able to log in. More often than there are a lot of power users, such as finance, that have access to large data sets. So, files are shared and exposed within the content of files used, and apps are installed.

This is generally due to a slight majority of users controlling most applications. So, these users, who are a small number, introduce a considerable amount of security risk. In addition, these users often collaborate with several external parties, which will be cloud-based sharing, not to mention sharing with non-corporate email addresses.

**A key point: Understanding risk**

The first thing you want to do is understand the risk. Here, you can identify risky applications by gaining visibility on any shadow I.T. These apps that admins have no control or visibility into are being used in their environment that they need to protect.

You can also investigate what identities use these applications and why they are used. How do you gain visibility? You may wonder how you get all this data. A few sources can be used to discover the data we will discuss.

Applications in your environment can be displayed in different categories and break down risk based on other criteria. For example, there is business risk, usage risk, and vendor compliance. Each risk category has different factors used to make up the risk categories. Cisco Umbrella CASB integrates with Cisco Talos, which helps you get the reputation information by looking at the Host domain and URL associated with informing you if the app has a good reputation.

Pillar2: Discovery 

To gain visibility, we have to perform Discovery. The discovery process involves pulling in and logging data out of other security products and then analyzing the information. All of the capabilities to discover apps work out of the box. You only need to set the user traffic to the Umbrella system. The first is DNS, which we can also discover with the Secure Web Gateway (SWG) proxy and a cloud-delivered firewall.

These SASE engines offer a unique view of sanctioned and unsanctioned applications. So, if you send traffic through one of these Cisco Umbrella engines, it can collect this data automatically. Also, Cisco Umbrella has a Layer 7 application Firewall that can provide information such as application protocols, giving you information on the top-used protocols per application.

Native proxy, Firewall, and DNS logs.

The Umbrella has several components of engines that help with Discovery, such as native proxy, Firewall, and DNS logs. So, the user can be determined when every engine picks up the traffic, such as DNS or Firewall levels. This will give you a holistic view of the application, such as the risk associated with it and the identity on a per-app basis. So, now we can have a broader look at risk to understand cloud apps and traffic going to, for example, Malware hosts and going C&C command servers, and if any ToR endpoints are running on your network. 

Pillar 3: Data Security and Control

When dealing with any systematic issue, prevention is critical, with a focus on data protection. A good start would be to define which applications are risky. From there, you can build a workflow and data sets that you need to protect from, for example, data leakage. Once Discovery is performed along with risk assessment, you can prevent unwanted applications in your environment, which is the first step in enforcement.

The first component is the CASB security, followed by DLP to enforce controls. We are creating DLP policies to prevent data leakage. The CASB should be able to identify and control sensitive information. So here, we have DLP features and the capability to respond to classification labels on content.

There is a component called granular control, in which you can allow access to special applications but control different actions for specific applications and users. For example, you can enable access to the app but block uploads.

You can then tie this to an identity so only your finance team can upload it. You can allow, secure, and also isolate. The CASB DLP can operate natively and in conjunction with enterprise DLP products via Internet Content Adaptation Protocol (ICAP) or REST API integration. 

A standard DLP engine for the on-premise and cloud locations will eliminate policy duplication. This Cisco Umbrella solution opts for an inline DLP engine without the need to service chain to an additional appliance.

Pillar 4: Inline Data Loss Prevention

The Data Loss Prevention policy monitors content classified as personally identifiable or sensitive information. When necessary, content is blocked from an upload or a post. With Cisco DLP, there is only one data loss prevention policy.

Rules are added to the policy to define what traffic to monitor (identities and destinations), the data classifications required, and whether content should be blocked or only monitored. For example, an office may want to monitor its network for file uploads that include credit card numbers because the uploads breach company privacy and security policies. A rule that scans the network and uploads to domains can block these files.

Cisco Umbrella: 80 pre-built data Identifiers

There are two primary functions of DLP. The first piece identifies and classifies sensitive data; the second is the actions to take. Cisco Umbrella has robust DLP classification with over 80 pre-built data identifiers that are aligned with detailed reporting on every DLP report. So, working with DLP, you have first to select data classification.

This is where you start your DLP and have different identities for the data. If you are concerned with financial data sets and want to examine credit card numbers, you can choose a list of predicted identifiers. Then, you can add your customizations.

Cisco umbrella DLP engine also supports regular expressions that support pattern patterns. This allows you to match any pattern. So we have a custom action and pre-built and then apply this to a DLP policy. As you know, there is only one data loss prevention policy.

Rules are added to the policy to define what traffic to monitor (identities and destinations), the data classifications required, and whether content should be blocked or only monitored.

**Starting a SASE Project**

A) – SASE DLP Starting Points

As a starting point, when considering DLP, there are a couple of best practices to follow. First, you must “train” a DLP to understand sensitive data and what is not. Especially with DLP, you should have it in monitoring-only mode and not be aggressive and block. You want to understand what is happening before you start to block.

Sometimes, you want to understand more about data and data ID and where it moves. Second, a DLP cannot inspect encrypted traffic; if it does, check the performance hit. Third, some cloud SDKs and APIs may encrypt portions of data and traffic, which will interfere with the success of a DLP implementation.

B) – SASE Best Practices

As a best practice with Cisco Umbrella, you can start with the pre-built identifiers and create custom dictionaries to monitor your organization’s specific keywords and phrases. Then, you can create specific rules based on users, groups, devices, and locations for which you want to watch data. Finally, you can choose which destination and apps you like to monitor; many organizations choose only to monitor when creating DLP rules and then enable block over time. 

C) – Cisco Umbrella CASB starting points

Consider the following recommendations when starting a project that consists of CASB functionality. First, discover sanctioned and unsanctioned cloud services and then access the cloud risk based on cloud service categories. This includes all cloud services and cloud plug-ins. Once this information has been gained, it can be measured, along with risk. This can then be compared to the organization’s risk tolerance. 

Next, identify and protect sensitive information. Once you find all sensitive information in the cloud, you can classify it and then apply controls to control its movement, such as DLP. For example, additional protections can be used if sensitive data is moved from the cloud services to a local unmanaged laptop.

D) – SASE Detect and Mitigate Threats.

You can access the user’s behavior and any deviations that may signal out-of-normal activity. The CASB is one of many solutions that should be used here—more mature products with advanced detection, such as Splunk User Behavior Analytics (UBA). For example, trust decreases once a significant deviation from the baseline is noticed. You could implement step-down privileges or more extreme courses, therefore changing the level of access. In addition, it would be helpful to track all data’s movement and detect and eliminate Malware. And then have an implementation strategy for remediation.

Summary: Cisco Umbrella SASE

In today’s digital landscape, businesses are rapidly adopting cloud technologies to drive innovation and enhance productivity. However, this shift towards the cloud also introduces new security challenges. Enter Cisco Umbrella CASB, a comprehensive cloud access security broker solution that empowers organizations to safely navigate their cloud journey while ensuring data protection and compliance.

Understanding Cisco Umbrella CASB

Cisco Umbrella CASB is a robust platform that provides visibility, control, and protection across all cloud applications and services utilized by an organization. It offers a centralized console to manage cloud access, enforce security policies, and detect potential threats. With its advanced capabilities, Cisco Umbrella CASB enables businesses to embrace the cloud securely.

Key Features and Benefits

a) Cloud Application Visibility: Cisco Umbrella CASB offers deep visibility into cloud applications and services being used within an organization. It provides valuable insights into user activities, data transfers, and potential risks, allowing administrators to make informed decisions.

b) Policy Enforcement: With granular policy controls, Cisco Umbrella CASB enables organizations to define and enforce security policies tailored to their specific needs. It ensures that data is accessed, shared, and stored within the cloud according to predefined guidelines, reducing the risk of data breaches or unauthorized access.

c) Threat Detection and Response: By leveraging advanced threat intelligence and machine learning, Cisco Umbrella CASB proactively identifies and mitigates potential threats within cloud environments. It alerts administrators about anomalous activities, suspicious behavior, or policy violations, enabling swift incident response.

Seamless Integration and Scalability

Cisco Umbrella CASB seamlessly integrates with existing security infrastructure, including firewalls, proxies, and endpoint security solutions. This integration allows businesses to leverage their existing investments while extending comprehensive cloud security capabilities. Additionally, the solution scales effortlessly as organizations expand their cloud footprint, ensuring continuous protection.

Real-World Use Cases

a) Data Loss Prevention: Cisco Umbrella CASB helps prevent sensitive data leakage by monitoring and controlling data transfers within cloud applications. It enables organizations to set up policies that restrict the sharing of confidential information or personally identifiable data, reducing the risk of data loss incidents.

b) Compliance and Governance: With its robust auditing and reporting capabilities, Cisco Umbrella CASB assists organizations in meeting regulatory compliance requirements. It provides detailed logs and insights into user activities, ensuring transparency and accountability in cloud usage.

Conclusion

Cisco Umbrella CASB is a game-changer in the realm of cloud security. Its comprehensive feature set, seamless integration, and scalability make it an invaluable asset for organizations aiming to secure their cloud journey. By harnessing the power of Cisco Umbrella CASB, businesses can unlock the true potential of the cloud while safeguarding their critical assets and maintaining compliance.

DNS Security

DNS Security Solutions

by Publications

DNS Security Solutions

In today's interconnected digital world, ensuring the security of your online presence is of paramount importance. One crucial aspect often overlooked is Domain Name System (DNS) security. In this blog post, we will delve into the world of DNS security solutions, exploring their significance, benefits, and implementation.

Before we dive into the realm of DNS security solutions, let's first understand what DNS is. The Domain Name System serves as the phonebook of the internet, translating domain names into IP addresses. It plays a pivotal role in facilitating online communication and accessibility.

With the increasing number of cyber threats and attacks, DNS security has become a critical concern for individuals and organizations alike. This section will shed light on the importance of safeguarding your DNS infrastructure, highlighting the potential risks and vulnerabilities associated with a compromised DNS.

DNS Filtering: DNS filtering is an effective solution that helps prevent access to malicious websites and content. By blocking requests to known malicious domains, it reduces the risk of malware infections and data breaches.

DNSSEC: DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) ensure the integrity and authenticity of DNS responses, mitigating the risk of DNS spoofing and cache poisoning attacks.

DDoS Protection: Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks can wreak havoc on your online presence. DNS security solutions equipped with robust DDoS protection mechanisms help mitigate the impact of such attacks, ensuring uninterrupted DNS services.

Implementing DNS security solutions requires meticulous planning and adherence to best practices. This section will provide insights into the implementation process, including considerations for choosing the right DNS security provider, configuring DNS settings, and ongoing monitoring and updates.

Investing in DNS security solutions yields numerous benefits. From enhanced online privacy and reduced downtime to improved user experience and brand reputation, this section will outline the tangible benefits and return on investment that organizations can achieve by prioritizing DNS security.

DNS security solutions are a crucial component of a comprehensive cybersecurity strategy. By safeguarding your DNS infrastructure, you can protect your online presence, mitigate potential threats, and ensure uninterrupted connectivity for your users. Stay proactive, stay secure!

Matt Conran

Highlights: DNS Layer Security

Understanding DNS Layer Security

DNS, or Domain Name System, is the backbone of the internet, responsible for translating human-readable domain names into machine-readable IP addresses. DNS layer security focuses on protecting this crucial layer from cyber threats, ensuring the availability, integrity, and confidentiality of DNS infrastructure and communications.

The significance of DNS layer security cannot be overstated. Cybercriminals often exploit vulnerabilities within DNS infrastructure to launch various attacks, such as DNS hijacking, DNS amplification, and DNS tunneling. By compromising DNS, attackers can redirect users to malicious websites, intercept sensitive information, or disrupt network operations. Implementing robust DNS layer security measures is vital for organizations to safeguard their networks and maintain trust with their users.

Techniques for DNS Layer Security:

DNSSEC: Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is a set of cryptographic protocols that add an extra layer of security to DNS. By digitally signing DNS data, DNSSEC ensures the authenticity and integrity of DNS responses, making it difficult for attackers to manipulate DNS records.

DNS Filtering: DNS filtering involves implementing policies to block access to malicious or unauthorized domains. By utilizing threat intelligence and real-time analysis, organizations can prevent users from accessing known malicious websites, reducing the risk of malware infections and data breaches.

Traffic Monitoring and Analysis: Regularly monitoring DNS traffic can help detect anomalies and identify potential threats. Analyzing DNS query patterns and investigating suspicious activities can allow organizations to proactively respond to threats, mitigating potential attacks before they cause significant damage.

**No Security By Default**

This post will outline the domain name system: the DNS structure, the vulnerabilities and abuses of DNS security designs, and guidance on implementing DNS protection with examples of DNS security solutions with Cisco, like Cisco Umbrella DNS. Unfortunately, like many Internet protocols, the DNS system was designed without security in mind and contained several security limitations regarding privacy, integrity, and authenticity.

**Constant Security Threats**

These security constraints, combined with bad actors’ technological advances, make DNS servers vulnerable to a broad spectrum of attacking DNS vectors, including DNS Reflection attack, DNS tunneling, DoS (Denial of Service), or the interception of private personal information via means of data exfiltration via the DNS protocol. As you can presume, this causes the DNS layer to be an excellent avenue for bad actors to operate when penetrating networks and exfiltrating data.

Network Scanning for DNS Threats

Network scanning is the process of identifying active hosts, open ports, and services within a network. By examining the network’s structure and mapping its assets, organizations comprehensively understand their digital environment. This knowledge serves as a foundation for effective security management and risk assessment.

There are several types of network scans, each serving a specific purpose. The most common ones include:

1. Port Scanning: This technique identifies open ports on network devices, allowing administrators to evaluate potential entry points for malicious activities.

2. Vulnerability Scanning: By actively searching for weaknesses and vulnerabilities in network systems, vulnerability scanning helps organizations identify areas that require immediate attention and patching.

3. Network Mapping: Network mapping involves visualizing the network’s structure, providing valuable insights into its topology, and facilitating efficient network management.

Example Product: Cisco Umbrella

DNS security involves implementing measures to protect the integrity and availability of DNS services. This includes monitoring DNS queries for suspicious activity, blocking access to known malicious domains, and ensuring that DNS responses are authentic and untampered.

### The Power of Cisco Umbrella

Cisco Umbrella is a cloud-delivered security platform that provides a first line of defense against threats on the internet. By leveraging the vast intelligence of Cisco’s global network, Umbrella offers comprehensive protection through advanced DNS security measures. It automatically blocks malicious domains, IP addresses, and URLs before they can reach your network or endpoints.

One of the standout features of Cisco Umbrella is its ability to provide threat intelligence and visibility across all internet activity. This ensures that you not only block current threats but also gain insights into potential vulnerabilities and attack vectors. Moreover, being cloud-based, Cisco Umbrella is both scalable and easy to deploy, making it an ideal choice for organizations of all sizes.

### Key Benefits for Organizations

Implementing Cisco Umbrella’s DNS security can yield numerous benefits for organizations:

1. **Improved Protection**: By blocking threats at the DNS layer, Cisco Umbrella stops attacks before they reach your network, reducing the risk of data breaches and system compromises.

2. **Enhanced Visibility**: Gain real-time insights into internet activity, helping you identify and respond to potential threats swiftly.

3. **Simplified Management**: As a cloud-based solution, Cisco Umbrella requires no hardware installations, making it easy to manage and scale according to organizational needs.

4. **Reduced Latency**: With multiple data centers around the world, Cisco Umbrella ensures fast and reliable DNS resolution, improving overall internet performance.

Cloud DNS Solutions

### Google Cloud DNS Security Solutions

Google Cloud DNS offers a variety of security features to protect your DNS infrastructure:

1. **DNSSEC (Domain Name System Security Extensions):** Google Cloud DNS supports DNSSEC, which adds an additional layer of security by enabling DNS responses to be verified. This ensures that users are directed to the legitimate website without interference from malicious actors.

2. **Private DNS Zones:** By using private DNS zones, you can limit DNS resolution within your virtual private cloud (VPC) network, enhancing security by preventing external exposure of sensitive internal DNS records.

3. **Integration with Cloud IAM:** Google Cloud Identity and Access Management (IAM) allows you to manage access to your DNS resources with fine-grained, role-based controls. This ensures that only authorized individuals can make changes to DNS configurations.

4. **Logging and Monitoring:** Google Cloud DNS integrates with Cloud Logging and Cloud Monitoring, providing real-time insights into DNS query patterns and potential security threats. This enables proactive monitoring and rapid response to suspicious activities.

**Understanding Google Cloud’s Security Command Center**

Google Cloud’s Security Command Center (SCC) acts as a centralized dashboard, providing visibility into your cloud assets and their security posture. It integrates seamlessly with Google Cloud, offering real-time detection of vulnerabilities, misconfigurations, and threats. By leveraging Google’s extensive threat intelligence, SCC empowers organizations to proactively manage and mitigate security risks before they escalate.

**The Role of DNS Security in Threat Detection**

DNS Security is a crucial component of SCC, offering an additional layer of protection. By monitoring DNS traffic, SCC can identify suspicious activities indicative of potential threats, such as data exfiltration or communication with known malicious domains. This proactive approach allows organizations to swiftly respond to emerging threats, minimizing potential damage and ensuring business continuity.

**Investigative Capabilities: Unearthing Hidden Threats**

SCC’s investigative capabilities are instrumental in unearthing hidden threats within your cloud environment. With features like anomaly detection and threat hunting, security teams can delve deep into suspicious activities, tracing their origins and assessing their impact. This level of insight is invaluable for crafting effective response strategies, ensuring threats are neutralized efficiently and effectively.

**Maximizing Security with Best Practices**

To maximize the benefits of SCC, organizations should adopt best practices such as regular security assessments, continuous monitoring, and integrating SCC with other security tools. By fostering a culture of security awareness and staying informed about the latest threat trends, businesses can fortify their defenses and maintain a robust security posture.

Related: For pre-information, you will find the following posts helpful:

  1. OpenShift SDN
  2. GTM Load Balancer
  3. Open Networking
  4. SASE Model

Decentralized but not secure

The whole resolution process may be more transparent. However, it’s usually relatively fast. One feature that speeds it up considerably is caching. A nameserver processing a recursive query may have to send out several queries to find an answer. However, it discovers a lot of information about the domain namespace as it does so.

Each time it refers to another list of nameservers, it learns that those nameservers are authoritative for some zone, and it knows the addresses of those servers. At the end of the resolution process, when it finally finds the data the original querier sought, it can also store it for future reference.

**Types of DNS Attacks**

DNS attacks come in various forms, each with modus operandi and potential damage. From DDoS attacks that flood servers to cache poisoning that redirects users to malicious websites, understanding these attack vectors is crucial for implementing adequate security strategies.  

 **DNS Security Solutions**

Thankfully, several DNS security solutions are available to safeguard your online presence. This section will explore some of the most effective and widely used security measures. From implementing DNSSEC (DNS Security Extensions) to deploying firewalls and intrusion detection systems, we will discuss how these solutions can help mitigate DNS-related threats.

**Best Practices for DNS Security**

While deploying DNS security solutions is essential, following best practices to enhance your security posture is equally important. This section will outline some key best practices for DNS security, including regular patching and updates, monitoring DNS traffic, and employing multi-factor authentication. By adopting these practices, you can bolster your defenses against potential threats.

## Cloud Armor DNS Protection ##

### How Cloud Armor Works

Cloud Armor operates by leveraging a global infrastructure to detect and filter out malicious traffic before it can reach your applications. It employs advanced algorithms and machine learning techniques to differentiate between legitimate user traffic and potential threats.

By doing so, it ensures that your services remain accessible and responsive, even in the face of an ongoing attack. Furthermore, Cloud Armor integrates seamlessly with DNS security solutions, enhancing its ability to manage and redirect traffic efficiently..

### Integrating DNS Security Solutions

An integral component of Cloud Armor’s effectiveness is its seamless integration with DNS security solutions. By working in tandem, these systems provide an additional layer of security, ensuring that DNS traffic is also scrutinized and protected against potential attacks. This integration not only enhances the overall security posture but also improves the reliability and performance of your network services.

Decentralized but not secure

The DNS protocol was developed to be decentralized and hierarchical, though not secure. Almost since its inception, there have been exploits. We must protect this critical network service. Several technologies have been implemented for DNS protection. These security technologies can be implemented with secure access service edge (SASE) products such as DNS security Cisco with the Cisco Umbrella DNS product. Cisco Umbrella DNS stops threats such as Malware before the initial connection.

DNS Protection: Are DNS inquiries encrypted?

DNS queries are not encrypted. Even if users use a DNS resolver like 1.1.1.1 that does not track their activities, DNS queries travel over the Internet in plaintext. Anyone who intercepts the query can see which websites the user is visiting. This absence of privacy impacts security significantly. If DNS queries are not private, it becomes easier for governments to censor the Internet and for bad acts to lurk on users’ online behavior unknowingly.

DNS Protection with Privacy, Integrity, and Authenticity

So, with DNS, the primary thing we care about with security is not there. In security, we care about privacy, integrity, and authenticity. However, with DNS left to its defaults, with privacy, you can see all the DNS queries in plain text. Then, for integrity, we want to know if someone has made changes between the query and response DNS stages. Finally, for authenticity, we have yet to learn if the DNS server that responded is the server we want to talk to, not some man-in-the-middle snooping and intercepting the DNS queries and forging responses, leading users to malicious websites.

Example: DNS over TLS (DoT) and DoH (DNS over HTTPS)

These concerns have directed us to introduce technologies for DNS protection. Some DNS protection technologies include the DNS firewall, DNS as a security tool with DNS reputation and inspection, and secure the channel with DNS over TLS (DoT) and DoH (DNS over HTTPS), as well as security protocol implementations with DNSSEC. When implemented correctly, all of this helps restore the privacy, integrity, and authenticity security issues we have with the current implementation of the DNS protocol.

DNS Protection: Lack of DNS Security Solutions

**Early days of DNS-

In the early 1980s, the network was much smaller, with fewer relatively well-known and trusted participants. However, as the network scaled, DNS remained an insecure and unauthenticated protocol, even though the networks grew to have many relatively unknown and untrusted participants.

Since 1980, we have been stuck with this protocol. At that time, around a hundred hosts around the USA communicated with each other. Some of these communication protocols include FTP and SMNP. You still needed to find the IP back then, so you had to look it up in a host file. Then, if you wanted to be put into this host file, you would have to call Stanford and request it literally, and they wrote it manually for you.

**Challenge: Scaling-

Before you can scale, we need to create something to replace the host file. This was when the Domain Name System was designed. So, we have delegation with hierarchy instead of a host file that must be manually edited for new hosts.

With the Domain Name System, we have the concept of hierarchy. There is a Root at the very top, which is responsible for the IPs of the servers for the TLDs, which are .com and .org; there are thousands of them now, and they are responsible for the domains that are in them and not any other domains that are not part of that TLD.

**DNS protection: DNS creates blind spots-

Organizations widely trust DNS. The concept of trust in public and private IP addresses boils down to binary numbers and has nothing to do with one being more trustworthy, except for the excessive trust placed on private IP ranges.

DNS traffic is typically permitted to pass freely through network firewalls and other security infrastructure. However, bad actors with malicious intent attack and abuse it. Because of this, DNS traffic can be manipulated through techniques such as DNS tunneling and DNS poisoning, all of which create blind spots in your security posture.

**The issue with UDP-

Let us start with the basics. Clients can ask for DNS if they want to connect to an address such as ‘www.network-insight.com’ and need to know which IP address corresponds to it. Typically, all DNS messages are sent over UDP, where the problems start.

The first issue is that UDP is a stateless protocol and that source IP addresses are blindly trusted, similar to how everyone would trust a private IP address over a public one. Therefore, each request and response described here is a single UDP request containing to and from IP addresses. 

Any host can forge the source address on a UDP message, making it look like it came from the expected source. Therefore, a bad actor sitting on a network that does not filter outbound packets can construct a UDP message that says it’s from the authoritative server and send it to the recursive resolver.

DNS Security Cisco with DNS Security Solutions:

a) Neglected attack surface

Today’s bad actors use DNS’s often neglected attack surface – to steal data, spread malware, perform data exfiltration, command, and control network surveillance, along with the capabilities to perform social engineering. DNS is a bidirectional, Internet-facing protocol that carries a tremendous amount of data, making it an adversary’s most excellent tool for carrying out attacks and causing damage.

In addition, the combination of security teams failing to secure their DNS traffic and DNS’s ubiquity makes it a bad actor’s most potent yet unforgotten tool.

b) Example: Secure Web Gateway

While they have solutions that inspect and secure areas like their network with a stateful firewall, web traffic with Secure Web Gateways (SWG), and even some of the newer zero-trust technologies, these solutions cannot perform a deep inspection of their DNS traffic, leaving them vulnerable to the many threats today that abuse DNS. This is because they are not designed to inspect DNS traffic. As a result, techniques such as DNS tunneling should be noticed.

In most instances, DNS packets – typically including IP address information – enter networks via unblocked ports without first being inspected by security systems. So, again, DNS activity in a network is rarely monitored. This makes the DNS layer the perfect blind spot for bad actors to manipulate.

c) Issues with phishing 

Many of today’s sophisticated attacks depend on DNS activity. In addition, there has been a rise in malware; ransomware binaries, once executed, are quick to encrypt, and you can’t trust that your employee won’t click on a phishing email. As a result, there needs to be more trust and high complexity.

Bad actors use this and manipulate DNS to stage the internet infrastructure to support each attack stage and fully execute their kill chain. In many of today’s more sophisticated ransomware attacks, for example, bad actors will use DNS packets to upload Malware to a device.  

DNS Protection

The vulnerability and abuses of this protocol are comprehensive, and several methods of attacking DNS exist. For example, DNS poisoning, denial of service, spoofing/hijacking, and DNS tunneling exist.

DNS Tunneling:

Unless you have DNS-layer security, the DNS packets typically used to communicate IP addresses will only be inspected as they move through your network. Additionally, most security solutions don’t even register anomalous DNS activity – like DNS tunneling- a sure sign of an in-progress attack. DNS tunneling uses the DNS protocol to communicate non-DNS traffic over port 53. It sends HTTP(s) and additional protocol traffic over DNS.

DNS tunneling establishes DNS tunnels between their servers and victims’ machines. This connection between attacker and victim allows for the exfiltration of sensitive data and the execution of command and control operations.

DNS Poisoning:

DNS Poisoning, or DNS cache poisoning, is where forged DNS data is submitted into a DNS resolver’s cache. This results in the resolver returning an incorrect IP address for a domain. Therefore, rather than going to the indented website unknown to the user, their traffic can be redirected to a malicious machine. More often, this will be a replica of the original site used for malicious purposes, such as distributing Malware or collecting login information.

DNS poisoning was first uncovered in 1998. In this case, a recursive server sends a query out to the Root. As we are using UDP, there is no connection, and the only thing back then to identify the query as it came back as a response was simply a Query ID. That was a little short. Now, there was the possibility of tricking a DNS recursive resolver into storing incorrect DNS records. Once the nameserver has stored the wrong response, it will return it to anyone who asks.

**Issue: Redirect Web Browsers**

This “DNS poisoning” attack could allow random attackers to deceive DNS and redirect web browsers to false servers, hijacking traffic. Furthermore, the incorrect stored entry will remain until the cache entry expires, down to the TTL, which could lead to weeks of compromise.

So, if you attacked the server with forged responses for a domain and tried to brute-force the Query ID not very long ago, you could eventually guess it and insert your response into that recursive server cache.

If you set the TTL for a low time, such as a week, then everyone who queries that recursive server will get your chosen IP address for this domain name. Today, there have been changes to mitigate DNS poisoning. They have made the Query string very long and hard to guess, so it is hard to do, but it can still happen.

DNS Spoofing:

Then we have DNS Spoofing, or hijacking is very easy to do and difficult to detect. For example, let’s say you type the incurred domain name. So you try to go somewhere that does not exist and are returned to a search page with many ads. This is the ISP that is hijacking NX domain responses. So when you try to query for a name that does not exist, your ISP sees this, crafts its response, and sends you to a search page to sell you ads. This commonly happens on public Wi-Fi networks.

We have similar DNS spoofing and poisoning attacks, but they have distinguishable characteristics. Both attacks attempt to trick users into revealing sensitive data, which could result in a targeted user installing malicious software that can be used later in the kill chain. Poisoning DNS cache changes entries on DNS resolvers or servers where IP addresses are stored. 

DNS Amplification Attack (DNS Flood):

Then, we have the DNS amplification style of attack, also known as DNS floods. A bad actor exploits vulnerabilities to initially turn small queries into much larger payloads, which are used to bring down the victim’s hosts.

So, we know that DNS uses UDP for transport, meaning a bad actor can spoof the source address of a DNS request and send the response to any IP address of their choosing. In this case, they can amplify DDoS attacks using DNS responses larger than the initial query packet. For example, fake DNS lookups to open recursive servers can achieve a 25x to 40x amplification factor. This is because the source IP of the bogus lookups is the victim’s website, which becomes overwhelming.

DNS Flood Attack:

DNS flood targets one or more DNS servers belonging to a given zone, attempting to impede the resolution of resource records of that zone and its sub-zones. This attack overwhelms the network capacity that connects authoritative servers to the Internet.

Once the bandwidth is depleted with malicious traffic, legitimate traffic carrying DNS queries from legitimate sources cannot contact the authoritative servers. DNS flood attacks differ from DNS amplification attacks. Unlike DNS floods, DNS amplification attacks reflect and amplify traffic off unsecured DNS servers to hide the attack’s origin and increase its effectiveness.

Random Subdomain Attack:

Random Subdomain DDoS attacks, such as the Mirai attack on Dyn, have become popular recently. In these DNS attacks, many queries are sent for a single or a few target domains, yet they include highly varying nonexistent subdomains generated randomly.

This denial-of-service attack hits a domain’s authoritative name servers with multiple requests for random, nonexistent subdomains. The name servers become bogged down when replying to these phony requests and need help responding to legitimate queries. These attacks are also called NXDomain attacks; they can result in denial of service at the recursive resolver level.

DNS Tunneling:

Then, we have DNS tunneling, which we briefly mentioned. DNS tunneling is frequently used to deliver payloads encoded in DNS queries and responses, exfiltrate data, and execute command and control attacks as the attackers use SSH, TCP, or HTTP to pass, for example, Malware or stolen information into DNS queries undetected.

This allows the bad actor to exfiltrate sensitive data in small chunks within DNS requests to bypass security. With the amount of DNS traffic and requests a network typically sees, attackers can easily hide data theft.

The bad actor can use standard protocols like TCP or SSH, encoded within DNS protocol requests. At the same time, it is not an attack on DNS. This form of malicious activity can use DNS to exfiltrate data.

**DNS Security Cisco**

There are several ways these attacks can be prevented. Firstly, the DNS firewall enables DNS layer security. DNS-layer security effectively prevents malicious activity at the earliest possible point and, in the case of Malware, contains callbacks to attackers. DNS security solutions can be accomplished with products such as Cisco Umbrella DNS.

  • DNS Security Cisco with DNS-layer security

Cisco Umbrella DNS uses DNS-layer security encompassing the Internet’s infrastructure to block malicious and unwanted domains before a connection is established as part of recursive DNS resolution. In addition, it utilizes a technology known as selective cloud provide that redirects specific requests noted as risky for a deeper and more thorough inspection.

Cisco Umbrella DNS accomplishes this process transparently through the DNS response without adding latency or degrading performance. Just as a standard firewall watches incoming and outgoing web traffic and blocks unsafe connections, a DNS firewall works the same way. The distinction is that DNS firewalls analyze and filter queries based on threat feeds and threat intelligence. There are two kinds of DNS Firewalls: those for recursive servers and those for authoritative servers.

  • No Performance Hits

A DNS firewall provides several security services for DNS servers. It sits between a user’s recursive resolver and the authoritative nameserver of the website or service they are trying to reach. This can help with reputation filtering and domain reputation.

  • Cisco Umbrella DNS: Secure the channel

We have DNS over TLS and DNS over HTTPS, two standards for encrypting DNS queries to prevent external parties from being able to read them. DNS over TLS (DoT) and DoH (DNS over HTTPS) add a secure layer to an insecure protocol. By using DoH and DoT, users can ensure the privacy of DNS responses and block eavesdropping on their DNS requests (which reveals the sites they are visiting).

  • Cisco Umbrella DNS: Secure the protocol

Application layers use security protocols such as HTTPS, DMARC, etc., so the DNS protocol should be no exception. DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC) defends against attacks by digitally signing data to help guarantee its validity. The signing must happen at every level in the DNS lookup process, which can make it a complicated setup.

DNSSEC was one of the first things we started implementing, and it is much older than many assume. The first talks about DNSEEC were in the early 1990s. It is a way to ensure that you know that a record you get back has not been tampered with and that the server you are talking to is the server you intend to talk to. All of this is done with PKI. 

  • Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) 

The server has a public and private key pair. So we have the public key, and they can sign the record. However, as we maintain a distributed hierarchy in DNS, we must guarantee that these are signed up to the Root. DNSSEC implements a hierarchical digital signing policy across all layers of DNS.

For example, in the case of a ‘google.com’ lookup, a root DNS server would sign a key for the.COM nameserver, and the.COM nameserver would then sign a key for google.com’s authoritative nameserver. DNSSEC not only allows a DNS server to verify the authenticity of the records it returns, but It also enables the assertion of the “non-existence of records.”

DNS resolvers can also be configured to provide security solutions. For example, some DNS resolvers provide content filtering, which can stop sites known to distribute Malware and spam, and botnet protection, which blocks communication with known botnets. Many of these secure DNS resolvers are free to use

Summary: DNS Security Solutions

This blog post delved into DNS security solutions, exploring the key concepts, benefits, and best practices for safeguarding one’s online activities.

Understanding DNS Security

The DNS, often called the internet’s phonebook, translates domain names into IP addresses, allowing us to access websites by typing in familiar URLs. However, this critical system is susceptible to various security risks, such as DNS spoofing, cache poisoning, and DDoS attacks. Understanding these threats is crucial in comprehending the importance of DNS security solutions.

DNS Security Solutions Explained

Several effective DNS security solutions are available to mitigate risks and fortify your online presence. Let’s explore a few key options:

  • DNS Filtering: This solution involves implementing content filtering policies to block access to malicious websites, reducing the likelihood of falling victim to phishing attempts and malware infections.
  • DNSSEC: Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) provide cryptographic authentication and integrity verification of DNS data, preventing DNS spoofing and ensuring the authenticity of domain name resolutions.
  • Threat Intelligence Feeds: By subscribing to threat intelligence feeds, organizations can stay updated on emerging threats and proactively block access to malicious domains, bolstering their overall security posture.

Benefits of DNS Security Solutions

Implementing robust DNS security solutions offers numerous benefits to individuals and organizations alike. Some notable advantages include:

– Enhanced Data Privacy: DNS security solutions protect sensitive user information, preventing unauthorized access or data breaches.

– Improved Network Performance: By filtering out malicious requests and blocking access to suspicious domains, DNS security solutions help optimize network performance and reduce potential downtime caused by cyberattacks.

– Mitigated Business Risks: By safeguarding your online infrastructure, DNS security solutions minimize the risk of reputational damage, financial loss, and legal repercussions due to cyber incidents.

Best Practices for DNS Security

While investing in DNS security solutions is crucial, adopting best practices is equally important to maximize their effectiveness. Here are a few recommendations:

– Regularly update DNS software and firmware to ensure you benefit from the latest security patches and enhancements.

– Implement strong access controls and authentication mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access to DNS servers.

– Monitor DNS traffic for anomalies or suspicious activities, enabling prompt detection and response to potential security breaches.

Conclusion:

In an era where online threats continue to evolve, prioritizing DNS security is vital for individuals and organizations. By understanding the risks, exploring effective solutions, and implementing best practices, you can fortify your online security, safeguard your data, and confidently navigate the digital landscape.

zero trust network design

Zero Trust SASE

by Publications

Zero Trust SASE

In today's digital age, where remote work and cloud-based applications are becoming the norm, traditional network security measures are no longer sufficient to protect sensitive data. Enter Zero Trust Secure Access Service Edge (SASE), a revolutionary approach that combines the principles of Zero Trust security with the flexibility and scalability of cloud-based architectures. In this blog post, we will delve into the concept of Zero Trust SASE and explore its benefits and implications for the future of network security.

Zero Trust is a security model that operates on "never trust, always verify." It assumes that no user or device should be granted automatic trust within a network, whether inside or outside the perimeter. Instead, every user, device, and application must be continuously authenticated and authorized based on various contextual factors, such as user behavior, device health, and location.

SASE is a comprehensive security framework that combines networking and security capabilities into a single cloud-based service. It aims to simplify and unify network security by providing secure access to applications and data, regardless of the user's location or device.

SASE integrates various security functions, such as secure web gateways, cloud access security brokers, and data loss prevention, into a single service, reducing complexity and improving overall security posture.

Matt Conran

Highlights: Zero Trust SASE

Innovative Security Framework

Zero Trust SASE is an innovative security framework that combines Zero Trust principles with Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) architecture. It emphasizes continuous verification and validation of every user, device, and network resource attempting to access an organization’s network, regardless of location. By adopting a zero-trust approach, organizations can enhance security by eliminating the assumption of trust and implementing stricter access controls.

1. Note: Zero Trust SASE is built upon several key components to create a robust and comprehensive security framework. These components include identity and access management, multi-factor authentication, network segmentation, encryption, continuous monitoring, and threat intelligence integration. Each element is crucial in strengthening network security and protecting against evolving cyber threats.

2. Note: Both SASE and ZTNA are essential components of modern security architecture. However, they are two different solutions. SASE provides a comprehensive, multi-faceted security framework, while ZTNA is a more narrowly focused model focused on limiting resource access, which is a part of SAS

**Challenge: The Lag in Security** 

Today’s digital transformation and strategy initiatives require speed and agility in I.T. However, there is a lag, and that lag is with security. Security can either hold them back or not align with the fluidity needed for agility. As a result, we have decreased an organization’s security posture, which poses a risk that needs to be managed. We have a lot to deal with, such as the rise in phishing attacks, mobile malware, fake public Wi-Fi networks, malicious apps, and data leaks. Therefore, we have new requirements that SASE can help with.

Zero Trust Security

Zero Trust Security is a paradigm shift from the traditional perimeter-based security model. It operates on the principle of “never trust, always verify.” Unlike the old approach, where users and devices were granted broad access once inside the network, Zero Trust Security treats every user, device, and network segment as potentially untrusted. This enhanced approach minimizes the risk of unauthorized access and lateral movement within the network.

Continuous Verification & Strict Access Control

Zero Trust is a security model that operates on the principle of never trusting any network or user by default. It emphasizes continuous verification and strict access control to mitigate potential threats. With Zero Trust, organizations adopt a granular approach to security, ensuring that every user, device, and application is authenticated and authorized before accessing any resources.

Challenge: Large Segments with VLANs

Example Technology: Network Endpoint Groups

**Understanding Micro-segmentation**

Microsegmentation is a critical strategy in modern network management, providing a method to improve security by dividing a network into smaller, isolated segments. This approach ensures that any potential security breaches are contained and do not spread across the network. In the context of Google Cloud, NEGs can be effectively used to implement microsegmentation. By creating smaller, controlled segments, you can enforce security policies more rigorously, reducing the risk of unauthorized access and enhancing the overall security posture of your applications.


network endpoint groups

**The SASE Concept**

Gartner coined the SASE concept after seeing a pattern emerge in cloud and SD-WAN projects where full security integration was needed. We now refer to SASE as a framework and a security best practice. SASE leverages multiple security services into a framework approach.

The idea of SASE was not far from what we already did, which was integrating numerous security solutions into a stack that ensured a comprehensive, layered, secure access solution. By calling it a SASE framework, the approach to a complete solution somehow felt more focused than what the industry recognized as a best security practice.

The security infrastructure and decisions must become continuous and adaptive, not static, that formed the basis of traditional security methods. Consequently, we must enable real-time decisions that balance risk, trust, and opportunity. As a result, security has beyond a simple access control list (ACL) and zone-based segmentation based on VLANs. In reality, no network point acts as an anchor for security.

Example Technology: IPv6 Access Lists 

Many current network security designs and technologies were not designed to handle all the traffic and security threats we face today. This has forced many to adopt multiple-point products to address the different requirements. Remember that for every point product, there is an architecture to deploy, a set of policies to configure, and a bunch of logs to analyze. I find correlating logs across multiple-point product solutions used in different domains hard.

For example, a diverse team may operate the secure web gateways (SWG) to that of the virtual private network (VPN) appliances. It could be the case that these teams work in silos and are in different locations.

Zero Trust SASE requirements:

  1. Information hiding: SASE requires clients to be authenticated and authorized before accessing protected assets, regardless of whether the connection is inside or outside the network perimeter.
  2. Mutually encrypted connections: SASE uses the full TLS standard to provide mutual, two-way cryptographic authentication. Mutual TLS provides this and goes one step further to authenticate the client.
  3. Need to know the access model: SASE employs a need-to-know access model. As a result, SASE permits the requesting client to view only the resources appropriate to the assigned policy.
  4. Dynamic access control: SASE deploys a dynamic firewall that starts with one rule – deny all. Then, requested communication is dynamically inserted into the firewall, providing an active firewall security policy instead of static configurations.
  5. Identity-driven access control: SASE provides adaptive, identity-aware, precision access for those seeking more precise access and session control to applications on-premises and in the cloud.

Starting Zero Trust

Endpoint Security 

Understanding ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

ARP is a vital network communication protocol that maps an IP address to a physical MAC address. By maintaining an ARP table, endpoints can efficiently communicate within a network. 

Routes and gateways act as the pathways for data transmission between networks. Safeguarding these routes is crucial to ensure network integrity. We will discuss the significance of secure routing protocols, such as OSPF and BGP, and how they contribute to endpoint security. 

Netstat, short for Network Statistics, is a powerful command-line tool providing detailed information about network connections and statistics. This section will highlight the importance of using netstat for monitoring endpoint security. From identifying active connections to detecting suspicious activities, netstat empowers administrators to protect their networks proactively.

Understanding SELinux

SELinux is a robust security framework built into the Linux kernel. It provides fine-grained access control policies and mandatory access controls (MAC) to enforce system-wide security policies. Unlike traditional Linux discretionary access controls (DAC), SELinux operates on the principle of least privilege, ensuring that only authorized actions are allowed.

Organizations can establish a robust security posture for their endpoints by combining SELinux with zero trust principles. SELinux provides granular control over system resources, enabling administrators to define strict policies based on user roles, processes, and system components. This ensures that even if an endpoint is compromised, the attacker’s lateral movement and potential damage are significantly limited.

### Understanding Authentication in Vault

Authentication is the process of verifying the identity of a user or system. In Vault, this is achieved through various authentication methods such as tokens, AppRole, LDAP, GitHub, and more. Each method serves different use cases, allowing flexibility and scalability in managing access. Vault ensures that only authenticated users can access sensitive data, thus mitigating the risk of unauthorized access.

—

### The Role of Authorization

While authentication verifies identity, authorization determines what authenticated users can do. Vault uses policies to define the actions that users and applications can perform. These policies are written in HashiCorp Configuration Language (HCL) or JSON, and they provide a fine-grained control over access to secrets. By segregating duties and defining clear access levels, Vault helps prevent privilege escalation and minimizes the risk of data exposure.

—

### Managing Identity with Vault

Vault’s identity management capabilities allow organizations to unify identities across various platforms. By integrating with identity providers and managing roles and entities, Vault simplifies user management and enhances security. This integration ensures that user credentials are consistently verified and that access rights are updated as roles change, reducing the risk of stale credentials being exploited.

—

Vault

Use Case: WAN Edge Performance Routing

SASE & Performance-Based Routing

Performance-based routing is a dynamic routing technique that selects the best path for network traffic based on real-time performance metrics. Traditional routing protocols often follow static routes, leading to suboptimal network performance. However, performance-based routing leverages latency, packet loss, and bandwidth availability metrics to make informed routing decisions. By continuously evaluating these metrics, networks can adapt and reroute traffic to ensure optimal performance.

Google Cloud & IAP

**Understanding the Basics of IAP**

At its core, Identity-Aware Proxy is a security service that acts as a gatekeeper for applications and resources. It ensures that only authenticated and authorized users can access specific web applications hosted on cloud platforms. Unlike traditional security models that rely on network-level access controls, IAP takes a user-centric approach, verifying identity and context before granting access. This method not only strengthens security but also simplifies access management across distributed environments.

**The Role of IAP in Google Cloud**

Google Cloud offers a versatile and integrated approach to using IAP, making it an attractive option for organizations leveraging cloud services. With Google Cloud’s IAP, businesses can secure their web applications and VMs without the need for traditional VPNs or complex network configurations. This section will delve into how Google Cloud implements IAP, highlighting its seamless integration with other Google Cloud services and the ease with which it can be deployed. By utilizing Google Cloud’s IAP, businesses can streamline their security operations and focus on delivering value to their customers.

**Benefits of Using Identity-Aware Proxy**

The advantages of implementing IAP are manifold. Firstly, it enhances security by enforcing granular access controls based on user identity and context. This reduces the risk of unauthorized access and potential data breaches. Secondly, IAP simplifies the user experience by enabling single sign-on (SSO) capabilities, allowing users to access multiple applications with a single set of credentials. Additionally, IAP’s integration with existing identity providers ensures that businesses can maintain a consistent security policy across their entire IT ecosystem.

Identity aware proxy

Related: For pre-information, you may find the following helpful:

  1. SD-WAN SASE
  2. SASE Model
  3. SASE Solution
  4. Cisco Secure Firewall
  5. SASE Definition

Zero Trust SASE

Many challenges to existing networks and infrastructure create big security holes and decrease security posture. In reality, several I.T. components give the entity more access than required. We have considerable security flaws with using I.P. addresses as a security anchor and static locations; the virtual private networks (VPN) and demilitarized zone (DMZ) architectures used to establish access are often configured to allow excessive implicit trust.  

##Challenge 1: The issue with a DMZ

The DMZ is the neutral network between the Internet and your organization’s private network. It’s protected by a front-end firewall that limits Internet traffic to specific systems within its zone. The DMZ can have a significant impact on security if not appropriately protected. Remote access technologies such as VPN or RDP, often located in the DMZ, have become common targets of cyberattacks. One of the main issues I see with the DMZ is that the bad actors know it’s there. It may be secured, but it’s visible.

##Challenge 2: The issue with the VPN

In basic terms, a VPN provides an encrypted server and hides your IP address. However, the VPN does not secure users when they land on a network segment and is based on coarse-grained access control where the user has access to entire network segments and subnets. Traditionally, once you are on a segment, there will be no intra-filtering on that segment. That means all users in that segment need the same security level and access to the same systems, but that is not always the case. 

GRE without IPsec GRE with IPsec

##Challenge 3: permissive network access

VPNs generally provide broad, overly permissive network access with only fundamental access control limits based on subnet ranges. So, the traditional VPN provides overly permissive access and security based on I.P. subnets. Note: The issue with VLAN-based segmentation is large broadcast domains with free-for-all access. This represents a larger attack surface where lateral movements can take place. Below is a standard VLAN-based network running Spanning Tree Protocol ( STP ).

## Challenge 4: Security-based on trust

Much of the non-zero trust security architecture is based on trust, which bad actors abuse. On the other hand, examining a SASE overview includes zero trust networking and remote access as one of its components, which can adaptively offer the appropriate trust required at the time and nothing more. It is like providing a narrow segmentation based on many contextual parameters continuously assessed for risk to ensure the users are who they are and that the entities, either internal or external to the network, are doing what they are supposed to do.

**Removes excessive trust**

A core feature of SASE and Zero Trust is that it removes the excessive trust once required to allow entities to connect and collaborate. Within a zero-trust environment, our implicit trust in traditional networks is replaced with explicit identity-based trust with a default denial. With an identity-based trust solution, we are not just looking at IP addresses to determine trust levels. After all, they are just binary, deemed a secure private or a less trustworthy public. This assumption is where all of our problems started. They are just ones and zeros.

## Challenge 5: IP for Location and Identity 

To improve your security posture, it would be best to stop relying primarily on IP addresses and network locations as a proxy for trust. We have been doing this for decades. There is minimal context in placing a policy with legacy constructs. To determine the trust of a requesting party, we need to examine multiple contextual aspects, not just IP addresses.

And the contextual aspects are continuously assessed for security posture. This is a much better way to manage risk and allows you to look at the entire picture before deciding to enter the network or access a resource.

Example: Firewall Tagging

Firewall tags

1) SASE: First attempt to 

Organizations have adopted different security technologies to combat these changes and include them in their security stack. Many of the security technologies are cloud-based services. Some of these services include the cloud-based secure web gateway (SWG), content delivery network [CDN], and web application firewall [WAF].

A secure web gateway (SWG) protects users from web-based threats and applies and enforces acceptable corporate use policies. A content delivery network (CDN) is a geographically distributed group of servers that works together to deliver Internet content quickly. A WAF, or web application firewall, helps protect web applications by filtering and monitoring HTTP traffic between them and the Internet.

The data center is the center of the universe.

However, even with these welcomed additions to security, the general trend was that the data center is still the center of most enterprise networks and network security architectures. Let’s face it: These designs are becoming ineffective and cumbersome with the rise of cloud and mobile technology. Traffic patterns have changed considerably, and so has the application logic.

2) SASE: Second attempt to

The next attempt was for a converged cloud-delivered secure access service edge (SASE) to accomplish this shift in the landscape. And that is what SASE architecture does. As you know, the SASE architecture relies on multiple contextual aspects to establish and adapt trust for application-level access. It does not concern itself with significant VLANs and broad-level access or believe that the data center is the center of the universe. Instead, the SASE architecture is often based on PoPs, where each PoP acts as the center of the universe.

The SASE definition and its components are a transformational architecture that can combat many of these discussed challenges. A SASE solution converges networking and security services into one unified, cloud-delivered solution that includes the following core capabilities of sase.

From the network side of things: SASE in networking:

    1. Software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN)
    2. Virtual private network (VPN)
    3. Zero Trust Network ZTN
    4. Quality of service (QoS)
    5. Software-defined perimeter (SDP)

Example SDP Technology: VPC Service Controls

VPC Security Controls VPC Service Controls

From the security side of things, SASE capabilities in security:

    1. Firewall as a service (FWaaS)
    2. Domain Name System (DNS) security
    3. Threat prevention
    4. Secure web gateways
    5. Data loss prevention (DLP)
    6. Cloud access security broker (CASB)

Example Technology: The Web Security Scanner

security web scanner

SASE changes the focal point to the identity of the user and device. With traditional network design, we have the on-premises data center, considered the universe’s center. With SASE, that architecture changes this to match today’s environment and moves the perimeter to the actual user, devices, or PoP with some SASE designs. In contrast to traditional enterprise networks and security architectures, the internal data center is the focal point for access. 

Example Product: Cisco Meraki

### What is Cisco Meraki?

Cisco Meraki is a suite of cloud-managed IT solutions that include wireless, switching, security, EMM (Enterprise Mobility Management), and security cameras, all centrally managed from the web. The Meraki dashboard provides powerful and intuitive tools to manage your entire network from a single pane of glass. This holistic approach ensures that businesses can maintain robust security protocols without compromising on ease of management.

### Key Features of Cisco Meraki

#### Cloud-Based Management

One of the standout features of Cisco Meraki is its cloud-based management. This allows for real-time monitoring, configuration, and troubleshooting from anywhere in the world. With automatic updates and seamless scalability, businesses can ensure their network is always up-to-date and secure.

#### Advanced Security Features

Cisco Meraki offers a range of advanced security features designed to protect your network from various threats. These include intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDS/IPS), advanced malware protection (AMP), and content filtering. By leveraging these tools, businesses can safeguard their data and maintain the integrity of their network.

#### Simplified Deployment

Deploying a traditional network can be a complex and time-consuming task. Cisco Meraki simplifies this process with zero-touch provisioning, which allows devices to be pre-configured and managed remotely. This reduces the need for on-site technical expertise and accelerates the deployment process.

### Benefits of Using Cisco Meraki for Network Security

#### Centralized Control

The centralized control offered by the Meraki dashboard enables IT teams to manage multiple sites from a single interface. This not only streamlines operations but also ensures consistent security policies across all locations.

#### Scalability

As businesses grow, their network needs evolve. Cisco Meraki’s scalable solutions allow for easy expansion without the need for significant infrastructure changes. This flexibility ensures that businesses can adapt to changing demands without compromising on security.

#### Cost Efficiency

By reducing the need for on-site hardware and simplifying management, Cisco Meraki can lead to significant cost savings. Additionally, the reduced need for technical expertise can lower operational costs, making it an attractive option for businesses looking to optimize their IT budget.

VPN Security Scenario 

  • Challenge: Traditional remote access VPNs

Remote access VPNs are primarily built to allow users outside the perimeter firewall to access resources inside the perimeter firewall. As a result, they often follow a hub-and-spoke architecture, with users connected by tunnels of various lengths depending on their distance from the data center. Traditional VPNs introduce a lot of complexity. For example, what do you do if you have multiple sites where users need to access applications? In this scenario, the cost of management would be high. 

  • Challenge: Tunnel based on I.P

What’s happening here is that the tunnel creates an extension between the client device and the application location. The tunnel is based on IP addresses on the client device and the remote application. Now that there is I.P. connectivity between the client and the application, the network where the application is located is extended to the client.

However, the client might not sit in an insecure hotel room or from home. These may not be sufficiently protected, and such locations should be considered insecure. The traditional VPN has many issues to deal with. It is user-initiated, and policy often permits split-tunnel VPNs without Internet or cloud traffic inspection.

SASE: A zero-trust VPN solution

A SASE solution encompasses VPN services and enhances the capabilities of operating in cloud-based infrastructure to route traffic. On the other hand, with SASE, the client connects to the SASE PoP, which carries out security checks and forwards the request to the application. A SASE design still allows clients to access the application, but they can only access that specific application and nothing more, like a stripped-down VLAN known as a micro-segmentation.

Restricting Lateral Movements

Clients must pass security controls, and no broad-level access is susceptible to lateral movements. Access control is based on an allowlist rather than the traditional blocklist rule. Also, other variables present in the request context are used instead of using I.P. addresses as the client identifier. As a result, the application is now the access path, not the network.

Simplified Management & Policy Control

So, no matter what type of VPN services you use, the SASE provides a unified cloud to connect to instead of backhauling to a VPN gateway—simplifying management and policy control. Well-established technologies such as VPN, secure web gateway, and firewall are being reviewed and reassessed in Zero Trust remote access solutions as organizations revisit approaches that have been in place for over a decade. 

A recommendation: SASE and SD-WAN

The value of SD-WAN is high. However, it also brings many challenges, including new security risks. In some of my consultancies, I have seen unreliable performance and increased complexity due to the need for multiple overlays. Also, these overlays need to terminate somewhere, and this will be at a hub site.  However, when combined with SASE, the SD-WAN edge devices can be connected to a cloud-based infrastructure rather than the physical SD-WAN hubs. This brings the value of interconnectivity between branch sites without the complexity of deploying or managing physical Hub sites.

Zero Trust SASE: Vendor considerations

SASE features converge various individual components into one connected, cloud-delivered service, making it easy to control policies and behaviors. The SASE architecture is often based on a PoP design. When examining the SASE vendor, the vendor’s PoP layout should be geographically diverse, with worldwide entry and exit points. 

Also, considerations should be made regarding the vendor’s edge/physical infrastructure providers or colocation facilities. We can change your security posture, but we can’t change the speed of light and the laws of physics.

Consider how the SASE vendor routes traffic in their PoP fabric. Route optimization should be performed at each PoP. Some route optimizations are for high availability, while others are for performance. Does the vendor offer cold-potato or hot-potato routing? The cold-potato routing means bringing the end-user device into the provider’s network as soon as possible. On the other hand, “hot-potato routing” means the end user’s traffic traverses more of the public Internet.

The following is a list of considerations to review when discussing SASE with your preferred cybersecurity vendor:

A. Zero Trust SASE requirements: Information hiding:

Secure access service requires clients to be authenticated and authorized before accessing protected assets, regardless of whether the connection is inside or outside the network perimeter. Then, real-time encrypted connections are created between the requesting client and the protected asset. As a result, all SASE-protected servers and services are hidden from all unauthorized network queries and scan attempts.

You can’t attack what you can’t see.

The base for network security started by limiting visibility – you cannot attack what you cannot see. Public and private IP addresses range from separate networks. This was the biggest mistake we ever made as I.P. addresses are just binary, whether they are deemed public or private. If a host were assigned a public address and wanted to communicate with a host with a private address, it would need to go through a network address translation (NAT) device and have a permit policy set.

Understanding Port Knocking

Port knocking is a technique that enables secure and controlled access to network services. Traditionally, network ports are open and accessible, leaving systems vulnerable to unauthorized access. However, with port knocking, access to specific ports is only granted after a predefined sequence of connection attempts is made to other closed ports. This sequence acts as a virtual “knock” on the door, allowing authorized users to gain access while keeping malicious actors at bay.

To fully comprehend port knocking, let’s explore its inner mechanics. When users wish to access a specific service, they must first send connection attempts to a series of closed ports in a particular order. This sequence acts as a secret handshake, notifying the server that the user is authorized. Once the correct sequence is detected, the server dynamically opens the desired port, granting access to the requested service. It’s like having a hidden key that unlocks the door to a secure sanctuary.

Security based on the visibility

Network address translation is mapping an IP address space into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device. Limiting visibility this way works to a degree, but we cannot ignore the fact that a) if you have someone’s IP address, you can reach them, and b) if a port is open, you can potentially connect to it.

Therefore, the traditional security method can open your network wide for compromise, especially when bad actors have all the tools. However, finding, downloading, and running a port scanning tool is not hard.

“Nmap,” for Network Mapper, is the most widely used port scanning tool. Nmap works by checking a network for hosts and services. Once found, the software platform sends information to those hosts and services, responding. Nmap reads and interprets the response and uses the data to create a network map.

Example: Understanding Lynis

Lynis is an open-source security auditing tool for discovering vulnerabilities on Unix, Linux, and macOS systems. It comprehensively analyzes the system’s configuration and provides valuable insights into potential security weaknesses. By scanning the system against a vast database of known security issues, Lynis helps identify areas for improvement.

Lynis runs a series of tests and audits on the target system. It examines various aspects, including file permissions, system settings, available software packages, and network configurations. Lynis generates a detailed report highlighting any identified vulnerabilities or potential security gaps by analyzing these factors. This report becomes a valuable resource for system administrators and security professionals to take necessary actions and mitigate risks.

Example: Single Packet Authorization

Zero-trust network security hides information and infrastructure through lightweight protocols such as single-packet authorization (SPA). No internal IP addresses or DNS information is shown, creating an invisible network. As a result, we have zero visibility and connectivity, only establishing connectivity after clients prove they can be trusted to allow legitimate traffic. Now, we can have various protected assets hidden regardless of location: on-premise, public or private clouds, a DMZ, or a server on the internal LAN, in keeping with today’s hybrid environment.

Default-drop dynamic firewall

This approach mitigates denial-of-service attacks. Anything internet-facing is reachable on the public Internet and, therefore, susceptible to bandwidth and server denial-of-service attacks. The default-drop firewall is deployed, with no visible presence to unauthorized users. Only good packets are allowed. Single packet authorization (SPA) also provides for attack detection.

If a host receives anything other than a valid SPA packet or similar construct, it views that packet as part of a threat. The first packet to a service must be a valid SPA packet or similar security construct.

If it receives another packet type, it views this as an attack, which is helpful for bad packet detection. Therefore, SPA can determine an attack based on a single malicious packet, a highly effective way to detect network-based attacks. Thus, external network and cross-domain attacks are detected.

B. Zero Trust SASE architecture requirements: Mutually encrypted connections:

Transport Layer Security ( TLS ) is an encryption protocol that protects data when it moves between computers. When two computers send data, they agree to encrypt the information in a way they both understand. Transport layer security (TLS) was designed to provide mutual device authentication before enabling confidential communication over the public Internet. However, the standard TLS configuration validates that the client is connected to a trusted entity. So, typical TLS adoptions authenticate servers to clients, not clients to servers. 

Mutually encrypted connections

SASE uses the full TLS standard to provide mutual, two-way cryptographic authentication. Mutual TLS provides this and goes one step further to authenticate the client. Mutual TLS connections are set up between all components in the SASE architecture. Mutual Transport Layer Security (mTLS) establishes an encrypted TLS connection in which both parties use X. 509 digital certificates to authenticate each other.

MTLS can help mitigate the risk of moving services to the cloud and prevent malicious third parties from imitating genuine apps. This offers robust device and user authentication, as connections from unauthorized users and devices are mitigated. Secondly, forged certificates, which are attacks aimed at credential theft, are disallowed. This will reduce impersonation attacks, where a bad actor can forge a certificate from a compromised authority.

C. Need to know the access model: Zero Trust SASE architecture requirements

Thirdly, SASE employs a need-to-know access model. As a result, SASE permits the requesting client to view only the resources appropriate to the assigned policy. Users are associated with their devices, which are validated based on policy. Only connections to the specifically requested service are enabled, and no other connection is allowed to any other service. SASE provides additional information, such as who made the connection, from what device, and to what service.

This gives you complete visibility into all the established connections, which is hard to do without an IP-based solution. So now we have a contextual aspect of determining the level of risk. As a result, it makes forensics easier. The SASE architecture only accepts good packets; bad packets can be analyzed and tracked for forensic activities.

Key Point: Device validation

Secondly, it enforces device validation, which helps against threats from unauthorized devices. We can examine the requesting user and perform device validation. Device validation ensures that the machine runs on trusted hardware and is used by the appropriate user.

Finally, suppose a device becomes compromised. In that case, lateral movements are entirely locked down, as a user is only allowed access to the resource it is authorized to. Or they could be placed into a sandbox zone where human approval must intervene and assess the situation.

D. Dynamic access control: Zero Trust SASE architecture requirements

This traditional type of firewall is limited in scope as it cannot express or enforce rules based on identity information, which you can with zero trust identity. Attempting to model identity-centric control with the limitations of the 5-tuple, SASE can be used alongside traditional firewalls and take over the network access control enforcement that we try to do with conventional firewalls. SASE deploys a dynamic firewall that starts with one rule – deny all.

Then, requested communication is dynamically inserted into the firewall, providing an active firewall security policy instead of static configurations. For example, every packet hitting the firewall is inspected with a single packet authentication (SPA) and then quickly verified for a connection request. 

Key Point: Dynamic firewall

Once established, the firewall is closed again. Therefore, the firewall is dynamically opened only for a specific period. The connections made are not seen by rogues outside the network or the user domain within the network. Allows dynamic, membership-based enclaves that prevent network-based attacks.

The SASE dynamically binds users to devices, enabling those users to access protected resources by dynamically creating and removing firewall rules.  Access to protected resources is facilitated by dynamically creating and removing inbound and outbound access rules. Therefore, we now have more precise access control mechanisms and considerably reduced firewall rules.

**Micro perimeter**

Traditional applications were grouped into VLANs whether they offered similar services or not. Everything on that VLAN was reachable. The VLAN was a performance construct to break up broadcast domains, but it was pushed into the security world and never meant to be there. 

Its prime use was to increase performance. However, it was used for security in what we know as traditional zone-based networking. The segments in zone-based networks are too large and often have different devices with different security levels and requirements.

Key Points:

A. Logical-access boundary: SASE enables this by creating a logical access boundary encompassing a user and an application or set of applications. And that is it—nothing more and nothing less. Therefore, we have many virtual micro perimeters specific to the business instead of the traditional main inside/outside perimeter. Virtual perimeters allow you to grant access to the particular application, not the underlying network or subnet.

B. Reduce the attack surface: The smaller micro perimeters reduce the attack surface and limit the need for excessive access to all ports and protocols or all applications. These individualized “virtual perimeters” encompass only the user, the device, and the application. They are created and specific to the session and then closed again when it is over or if the risk level changes and the device or user needs to perform setup authentication.

C. Software-defined perimeter (SDP): SASE only grants access to the specific application at an application layer. The SDP part of SASE now controls which devices and applications can access distinctive services at an application level. Permitted by a policy granted by the SDP part of SASE, machines can only access particular hosts and services and cannot access network segments and subnets.

**Reduced: Broad Network Access**

Broad network access is eliminated, reducing the attack surface to an absolute minimum. SDP provides a fully encrypted application communication path. However, the binding application permits only authorized applications to communicate through the established encrypted tunnels, thus blocking all other applications from using them. This creates a dynamic perimeter around the application, including connected users and devices. Furthermore, it offers a narrow access path—reducing the attack surface to an absolute minimum.

E. Identity-driven access control: Zero Trust SASE architecture requirements

Traditional network solutions provide coarse-grained network segmentation based on someone’s IP address. However, someone’s IP address is not a good security hook and does not provide much information about user identity. SASE enables the creation of microsegmentation based on user-defined controls, allowing a 1-to-1 mapping, unlike with a VLAN, where there is the potential to see everything within that VLAN.

Identity-aware access: SASE provides adaptive, identity-aware, precision access for those seeking more precise access and session control to applications on-premises and in the cloud. Access policies are primarily based on user, device, and application identities. The procedure is applied independent of the user’s physical location or the device’s I.P. address, except where it prohibits it. This brings a lot more context to policy application. Therefore, if a bad actor gains access to one segment in the zone, they are prevented from compromising any other network resource.

Detecting Authentication Failures in Logs:

Syslog: Useful Security Technology

Syslog, short for System Logging Protocol, is a standard for message logging within computer systems. It collects various log entries from different sources and stores them in a centralized location. Syslog is a valuable resource for detecting security events as it captures information about system activities, errors, and warnings.

Auth.log is a specific type of log file that focuses on authentication-related events in Unix-based operating systems. It records user logins, failed login attempts, password changes, and other authentication activities. Analyzing auth.log can provide vital insights into potential security breaches, such as brute-force attacks or suspicious login patterns.

Now that we understand the importance of syslog and auth.log, let’s delve into some effective techniques for detecting security events in these files. One widely used approach is log monitoring, where automated tools analyze log entries in real time, flagging suspicious or malicious activities. Another technique is log correlation, which involves correlating events across multiple log sources to identify complex attack patterns.

Summary: Zero Trust SASE

Traditional security measures are no longer sufficient in today’s rapidly evolving digital landscape, where remote work and cloud-based applications have become the norm. Enter Zero Trust Secure Access Service Edge (SASE), a revolutionary approach that combines network security and wide-area networking into a unified framework. In this blog post, we explored the concept of Zero Trust SASE and its implications for the future of cybersecurity.

Understanding Zero Trust

Zero Trust is a security framework that operates under the “never trust, always verify.” It assumes no user or device should be inherently trusted, regardless of location or network. Instead, Zero Trust focuses on continuously verifying and validating identity, access, and security parameters before granting any level of access.

The Evolution of SASE

Secure Access Service Edge (SASE) represents a convergence of network security and wide-area networking capabilities. It combines security services, such as secure web gateways, firewall-as-a-service, and data loss prevention, with networking functionalities like software-defined wide-area networking (SD-WAN) and cloud-native architecture. SASE aims to provide comprehensive security and networking services in a unified, cloud-delivered model.

The Benefits of Zero Trust SASE:

a) Enhanced Security: Zero Trust SASE brings a holistic approach to security, ensuring that every user and device is continuously authenticated and authorized. This reduces the risk of unauthorized access and mitigates potential threats.

b) Improved Performance: By leveraging cloud-native architecture and SD-WAN capabilities, Zero Trust SASE optimizes network traffic, reduces latency, and enhances overall performance.

c) Simplified Management: A unified security and networking framework can streamline organizations’ management processes, reduce complexity, and achieve better visibility and control over their entire network infrastructure.

Implementing Zero Trust SASE

a) Comprehensive Assessment: Before adopting Zero Trust SASE, organizations should conduct a thorough assessment of their existing security and networking infrastructure, identify vulnerabilities, and define their security requirements.

b) Architecture Design: Organizations must design a robust architecture that aligns with their needs and integrates Zero Trust principles into their existing systems. This may involve deploying virtualized security functions, adopting SD-WAN technologies, and leveraging cloud services.

c) Continuous Monitoring and Adaptation: Zero Trust SASE is an ongoing process that requires continuous monitoring, analysis, and adaptation to address emerging threats and evolving business needs. Regular security audits and updates are crucial to maintaining a solid security posture.

Conclusion: Zero Trust SASE represents a paradigm shift in cybersecurity, providing a comprehensive and unified approach to secure access and network management. By embracing the principles of Zero Trust and leveraging the capabilities of SASE, organizations can enhance their security, improve performance, and simplify their network infrastructure. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, adopting Zero Trust SASE is not just an option—it’s necessary to safeguard our interconnected world’s future.

rsz_secure_access_service_edge1

SASE Definition

by Publications

SASE Definition

In today's ever-evolving digital landscape, businesses are seeking agile and secure networking solutions. Enter SASE (Secure Access Service Edge), a revolutionary concept that combines network and security functionalities into a unified cloud-based architecture. In this blog post, we will delve into the definition of SASE, its components, implementation benefits, and its potential impact on the future of networking.

At its core, SASE represents a shift from traditional networking models towards a more integrated approach. It brings together wide area networking (WAN), network security services, and cloud-native architecture, resulting in a unified and simplified networking framework. SASE aims to provide organizations with secure access to applications and data from any location, while reducing complexity and improving performance.

SASE is built on several fundamental components that work together harmoniously. These include software-defined wide area networking (SD-WAN), secure web gateways (SWG), cloud access security brokers (CASB), zero-trust network access (ZTNA), and firewall as a service (FWaaS). Each component plays a crucial role in delivering a comprehensive and secure networking experience.

Implementing SASE offers numerous advantages for businesses. Firstly, it simplifies network management by consolidating various services into a single platform. This leads to increased operational efficiency and cost savings. Additionally, SASE enhances security by applying consistent policies across all network traffic, regardless of the user's location. It also improves application performance through intelligent traffic routing and optimization.

As digital transformation continues to shape the business landscape, SASE emerges as a transformative force. Its cloud-native architecture aligns perfectly with the growing adoption of cloud services, enabling seamless integration and scalability. Moreover, SASE accommodates the rise of remote work and the need for secure access from anywhere. As organizations embrace hybrid and multi-cloud environments, SASE is poised to become the backbone of modern networking infrastructure.

SASE represents a paradigm shift in networking, blending security and networking functionalities into a unified framework. By embracing SASE, organizations can streamline operations, enhance security posture, and adapt to the evolving digital landscape. As we move forward, it is essential for businesses to explore the potential of SASE and leverage its benefits to drive innovation and growth.

Matt Conran

Highlights: SASE Definition

SASE: A Cloud-Centric Approach

Firstly, the SASE is related to our environment. In a cloud-centric world, users and devices require access to services everywhere. The focal point has changed. Now, the identity of the user and device, as opposed to the traditional model, focuses solely on the data center with many network security components. These environmental changes have created a new landscape we must protect and connect.

Many common problems challenge the new landscape. Due to deployed appliances for different technology stacks, enterprises are loaded with complexity and overhead. The legacy network and security designs increase latency. In addition, the world is encrypted when considering Zero Trust SASE. This needs to be inspected without degrading application performance.

These are reasons to leverage a cloud-delivered secure access service edge (SASE). SASE means a tailored network fabric optimized where it makes the most sense for the user, device, and application – at geographically dispersed PoPs enabling technologies that secure your environment with technologies such as single packet authorization.

**Driving Forces to Adopting SASE**

Challenge 1: Managing the Network: Converging network and security into a single platform does not require multiple integration points. This will eliminate the need to deploy these point solutions and the complexities of managing each.

Challenge 2: Site Connectivity: SASE handles all management complexities. As a result, the administrative overhead for managing and operating a global network that supports site-to-site connectivity and enhanced security, cloud, and mobility is kept to an absolute minimum.

Challenge 3: Performance Between Locations: The SASE cloud already has an optimized converged network and security platforms. Therefore, sites need to connect to the nearest SASE PoP.

Challenge 4: Cloud Agility: SASE natively supports cloud data centers (IaaS) and applications (SaaS) without additional configuration, complexity, or point solutions, enabling built-in cloud connectivity

**Components of SASE**

1. Network as a Service (NaaS): SASE integrates network services such as SD-WAN (Software-Defined Wide Area Network) and cloud connectivity to provide organizations with a flexible and scalable network infrastructure. With NaaS, businesses can optimize network performance, reduce latency, and ensure reliable connectivity across different environments.

2. Security as a Service (SECaaS): SASE incorporates various security services, including secure web gateways, firewall-as-a-service, data loss prevention, and zero-trust network access. By embedding security into the network infrastructure, SASE enables organizations to enforce consistent security policies, protect against threats, and simplify the management of security measures.

3. Zero-Trust Architecture: SASE adopts a zero-trust approach, which assumes that no user or device should be trusted by default, even within the network perimeter. By implementing continuous authentication, access controls, and micro-segmentation, SASE ensures that every user and device is verified before accessing network resources, reducing the risk of unauthorized access and data breaches.

4. Cloud-Native Architecture: SASE leverages cloud-native technologies to provide a scalable, agile, and elastic network and security infrastructure. By transitioning from legacy hardware appliances to software-defined solutions, SASE enables organizations to respond more to changing business requirements, reduce costs, and improve overall efficiency.

Note: Point Solutions

SASE is becoming increasingly popular among organizations because it provides a more flexible and cost-effective approach to networking and security. The traditional approach involves deploying multiple devices or appliances, each with its functions. This approach can be complex, time-consuming, and expensive to manage. On the other hand, SASE simplifies this process by integrating all the necessary functions into a single platform.

Example Technology: Web Security Scanner

security web scanner

Example Product: Cisco Meraki

### Simplified Network Management

One of the standout features of the Cisco Meraki platform is its simplified network management. Gone are the days of complex configurations and time-consuming setups. With Meraki’s cloud-based interface, administrators can manage their entire network from a single dashboard. This ease of use not only saves time but also reduces the need for specialized IT staff, making it an ideal solution for businesses of all sizes.

### Robust Security Features

Security is a top priority for any network, and Cisco Meraki does not disappoint. The platform comes equipped with robust security features, including advanced threat protection, intrusion detection, and automated firmware updates. These features work seamlessly to protect your network from potential threats, ensuring that your data remains secure and your operations run smoothly.

### Scalability and Flexibility

As your business grows, so too does the need for a scalable network solution. Cisco Meraki’s platform is designed with scalability in mind, allowing you to easily add new devices and extend your network without any hassle. Whether you’re expanding to a new office location or integrating additional IoT devices, Meraki’s flexible architecture ensures that your network can grow alongside your business.

### Enhanced Visibility and Analytics

Understanding your network’s performance is crucial for making informed decisions. Cisco Meraki offers enhanced visibility and analytics, providing detailed insights into network usage, device performance, and potential issues. With these analytics, administrators can proactively address problems before they impact operations, optimize resource allocation, and ensure that their network is running at peak efficiency.

### Streamlined Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting network issues can be a daunting task, but Cisco Meraki makes it easier than ever. The platform’s intuitive dashboard provides real-time alerts and diagnostic tools, allowing administrators to quickly identify and resolve issues. This streamlined troubleshooting process minimizes downtime and keeps your network running smoothly.

**SASE Meaning: SASE wraps up**

SASE is a network and security architecture consolidating numerous network and security functions, traditionally delivered as siloed point solutions, into an integrated cloud service. It combines several network and security capabilities along with cloud-native security functions. The functions are produced from the cloud and provided by the SASE vendor.

They are essentially providing a consolidated, platform-based approach to security. We have a cloud-delivered solution consolidating multiple edge network security controls and network services into a unified solution with centralized management and distributed enforcement.

**The appliance-based perimeter**

Even Though there has been a shift to the cloud, the traditional perimeter network security solution has remained appliance-based. The change for moving security controls to the cloud is for better protection and performance, plus ease of deployment and maintenance.

The initial performance of the earlier cloud-delivered solutions has been overcome with the introduction of optimized routing and global footprint. However, there is a split in opinion about performance and protection. Many consider protection and performance prime reasons to remain on-premises and keep the network security solutions on-premises.

Related: For additional pre-information, you may find the following helpful for pre-information:

  1. SD-WAN SASE
  2. SASE Solution
  3. Security Automation
  4. SASE Model
  5. Cisco Secure Firewall
  6. eBOOK on SASE

SASE Definition

SASE Definition with Challenge 1: Managing the Network

Across the entire networking and security industry, everyone sells individual point solutions that are not a holistic joined-up offering. Thinking only about MPLS replacement leads to incremental point solution acquisitions when confronted by digital initiatives, making networks more complex and costly.

Principally, distributed appliances for network and security at every location require additional tasks such as installation, ongoing management, regular updates, and refreshes. This results in far too many security and network configuration points. We see this all the time with NOC and SOC integration efforts.

A: Numerous integration points:

The point-solution approach addresses one issue and requires considerable integration. Therefore, you must constantly add solutions to the stack, likely resulting in management overhead and increased complexity. Let’s say you are searching for a new car. Would you prefer to build the car with all the different parts or buy the already-built one?

In the same way, if we examine the network and security industry, the way it has been geared up presently is provided in parts. It’s your job to support, manage, and build the stack over time and scale it when needed. Fundamentally, it would help if you were an expert in all the different parts. However, if you abstract complexity into one platform, you don’t need to be an expert in everything. SASE is one effective way to abstract management and operational complexity.

B: Required: How SASE solves this

Converging network and security into a single platform does not require multiple integration points. This will eliminate the need to deploy these point solutions and the complexities of managing each. Essentially, with SASE, we can bring each point solution’s functionalities together and place them under one hood—the SASE cloud. SASE merges all of the networking and security capabilities into a single platform.

This way, you now have a holistic joined-up offering. Customers don’t need to perform upgrades or size and scale their network. Instead, all this is done for them in the SASE cloud, creating a fully managed and self-healing architecture. Besides, the convergence is minimal if something goes wrong in one of the SASE Pops. All of this is automatic, and there is no need to set up new tunnels or have administrators step in to perform configurations.

SASE Definition with Challenge 2: Site Connectivity

SD-WAN appliances require other solutions for global connectivity and to connect, secure, and manage mobile users and cloud resources. As a result, many users are turning to Service Providers to handle the integration. The carrier-managed SD-WAN providers integrate a mix of SD-WAN and security devices to form SD-WAN services.

A: Lack of Agility

Unfortunately, this often makes the Service Providers inflexible in accommodating new requests. The telco’s lack of agility and high bandwidth costs will remain problematic. Deploying new locations has been the biggest telco-related frustration, especially when connecting offices outside of the telco’s operating region to the company’s MPLS network. For this, they need to integrate with other telcos.

B: Required: How SASE solves this

SASE handles all of the complexities of management. As a result, the administrative overhead for managing and operating a global network that supports site-to-site connectivity and enhanced security, cloud, and mobility is kept to an absolute minimum.

SASE Definition with Challenge 3: Performance Between Locations

The throughput is primarily determined by latency and packet loss, not bandwidth. Therefore, for an optimal experience for global applications, we must explore ways to manage the latency and packet loss end-to-end for last-mile and middle-mile segments. Most SD-WAN vendors don’t control these segments, affecting application performance and service agility.

Consequently, constant tweaking at the remote ends will be required to attain the best performance for your application. With SD-WAN, we can bundle transports and perform link bonding to solve the last mile. However, this does not create any benefits for the middle mile bandwidth. MPLS will help you overcome the middle-mile problems, but you will likely pay a high price.

A: Required: How SASE solves this

The SASE cloud already has an optimized converged network and security platforms. Therefore, sites need to connect to the nearest SASE PoP. This way, the sites are placed on the global private backbone to take advantage of global route optimization, dynamic path selection, traffic optimization, and end-to-end encryption. The traffic can also be routed over MPLS, directly between sites (not through the SASE PoP), and from IPsec tunnels to third-party devices. The SASE architecture optimizes the last and middle-mile traffic flows.

B: Required: Optimization techniques:

The SASE global backbone uses several techniques to improve network performance, resulting in predictable, consistent latency and packet loss. The SASE cloud has complete control of each PoP and can employ optimizations. It uses proprietary routing algorithms that factor in latency, packet loss, and jitter. These routing algorithms favor performance over cost and select the optimal route for every network packet. This is compared to Internet routing, where metrics don’t consider what is best for the application or the type.

Example TCP Performance Parameters.

SASE Definition with Challenge 4: Cloud Agility

Cloud applications are becoming more critical to organizations, even more so than those hosted in private data centers. When delivering cloud resources, we must consider more than just providing connectivity. In the past, when we spoke about agility, we were concerned only with the addition of new on-premises sites.

However, now, this conversation needs to encompass the cloud. Delivering cloud applications is primarily about providing an application experience that is as responsive as on-premises. However, most SD-WANs have a low response rate for rapidly offering new public cloud infrastructure. MPLS is expensive, rigid, and not built for cloud access.

A: Required: How SASE solves this

SASE natively supports cloud data centers (IaaS) and applications (SaaS) without additional configuration, complexity, or point solutions, enabling built-in cloud connectivity. This further allows the rapid delivery of new public cloud infrastructure.

The SASE PoPs are collocated in the data centers and directly connected to the IXP of the leading IaaS providers, such as Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform. In addition, cloud applications are optimized through SASE’s ability to define the egress points.

This helps exit the cloud application traffic at the points closest to the customer’s application instance. The optimal global routing algorithms can determine the best path from anywhere to the customer’s cloud application instance. This provides optimal performance to the cloud applications regardless of the user’s location.

So, when we talk about performance to the cloud with SASE, the latency to the cloud is comparable to the optimized access provided by the cloud providers, such as AWS Direct Connect or Azure Express Route. So, authentically, SASE provides out-of-the-box cloud performance.

SASE Definition with Challenge 5: Security

The security landscape is constantly evolving. Therefore, network security solutions must develop to form a well-founded landscape. Ransomware and Malware will continue to be the primary security concerns from 2020 onward. Combating the various solutions designed with complex integration points scattered throughout the network domain is challenging for the entire organization.

Security must be part of any WAN transformation initiative. It must protect users and resources regardless of the underlying network, managed through a single-pane-of-glass. However, a bundle of non-integrated security products results in appliance sprawl that hinders your security posture instead of strengthening it. The security solution must defend against emerging threats like malware and ransomware. In addition, it must boost the ability to enforce corporate security policies on mobile users.

Finally, the security solution must also address the increasing cost of buying and managing security appliances and software.

**Security and encryption**

The complexity increases due to the disparate tools required to address the different threat vectors. For example, we have DLP that can be spread across the SWG, CASB, and DLP but with three other teams managing each. What about the impact of encrypted web traffic on the security infrastructure?

The issue is that most internet traffic is now encrypted, and attackers deliver the payloads, deliver command and control instructions, and exfiltrate data over encrypted protocols. Organizations cannot decrypt all network traffic for performance reasons and avoid looking at sensitive employee information. Also, there are issues with the scalability of encrypted traffic management solutions, which can also cause performance issues.

Example Technology: Sensitive Data Protection

Sensitive data protection

Example Technology: Security Backdoors

Backdoor access refers to a hidden method or vulnerability intentionally created within a system or software that allows unauthorized access or control. It is an alternative entry point that bypasses conventional security measures, often undetected.

Using Bash: Bash, short for “Bourne Again SHell,” is a widely used command-line interpreter in Unix-based systems. It provides powerful scripting capabilities, making it a favorite among system administrators and developers. However, this versatility also brings the potential for misuse. This section will explain what a Bash backdoor is and how it functions.

Note: In the following, I created a backdoor on a corporate machine to maintain persistence within the environment. I performed bash script and system configuration using cron jobs. You will then connect to the created backdoor. Here, we demonstrate how to use tools available on standard operating system installations to bypass an organization’s security controls.

Cron jobs, derived from the word “chronos,” meaning time in Greek, are scheduled tasks that run automatically in the background of your server. They follow a specific syntax, using fields to specify when and how often a task should be executed. You can create precise and reliable automated processes by grasping the structure and components of cron jobs.


First, the file called file is deleted with the rm command if it already exists. Next, a special pipe, a new communications channel, is called a file. Any information passed to the bash terminal, such as typed commands, is transmitted to a specific IP address and port using the pipe. The | indicates the point at which the output from one Linux command passes information to the following command. You can create a network connection to a specific machine using this single line, giving a user remote access.

First, errors when running the cron task are ignored and not printed on the screen. Then, the new cronjob is printed to the screen; in this example, the backdoor bash shell will run every minute. The output of the echoed command is then written to the cronfile with crontab. 

SASE Definition with Challenge 6: MPLS and SD-WAN

MPLS does not protect resources and users, certainly not those connected to the Internet. On the other hand, SD-WAN service offerings are not all created equal since many do not include firewall/security features for threat protection to protect all edges—mobile devices, sites, and cloud resources. This lack of integrated security complicates SD-WAN deployments and often leads to Malware getting past the perimeter unnoticed.

Challenge: The cost involved

Security solutions are expensive, and there is never a fixed price. Some security vendors may charge for usage models for which you don’t yet have the quantity. This makes the planning process extraordinarily problematic and complex. As the costs keep increasing, security professionals often trade off point-security solutions due to the associated costs. This is not an effective risk-management strategy.

The security controls are also limited to mobile VPN solutions. More often than not, they are very coarse, forcing IT to open access to all the network resources. Protecting mobile users requires additional security tools like next-generation firewalls (NGFWs), so we have another point solution. In addition, mobile VPN solutions provide no last—or middle-mile optimization.

SASE Meaning: How SASE solves this

SASE converges a complete security stack into the network, allowing it to bring granular control to sites and mobile and cloud resources by enforcing the zero-trust principles for all edges. SASE provides anti-malware protection for both WAN and Internet traffic. In addition, for malware detection and prevention, SASE can offer signature and machine-based learning protection consisting of several integrated anti-malware engines.

For malware communication, SASE can stop the outbound traffic to C&C servers based on reputation feeds and network behavioral analysis. Mobile user traffic is fully protected by SASE’s advanced security services, including NGFW, secure web gateway (SWG), threat prevention, and managed threat detection and response. Furthermore, in the case of mobile, SASE mobile users can dynamically connect to the closest SASE PoP regardless of the location. Again, as discussed previously, the SASE cloud’s relevant optimizations are available for mobile users.

Rethink the WAN: The shift to the cloud, edge computing, and mobility offers new opportunities for IT professionals. Network professionals must rethink their WAN transformation approach to support these digital initiatives. WAN transformation is not just about replacing MPLS with SD-WAN. An all-encompassing solution is needed that provides the proper network performance and security level for enhanced site-to-site connectivity, security, mobile, and cloud.

Example Product: Cisco Umbrella

### What is Cisco Umbrella?

Cisco Umbrella acts as a first line of defense against internet-based threats by leveraging the cloud. It uses DNS (Domain Name System) to block malicious domains, IPs, and URLs before a connection can be established. By analyzing and learning from internet activity patterns, it can predict and prevent potential threats, ensuring that your network remains secure.

### Key Features of Cisco Umbrella

1. **DNS Layer Security**: Cisco Umbrella provides a protective shield at the DNS layer, stopping threats before they reach your network or endpoints. This means that harmful requests are blocked at the source, reducing the risk of malware infections.

2. **Secure Web Gateway**: The solution offers a secure web gateway that inspects web traffic and enforces security policies. It ensures that only safe and compliant traffic is allowed, providing an additional layer of security.

3. **Cloud-Delivered Firewall**: Cisco Umbrella includes a built-in firewall to block unwanted traffic, adding another layer of protection. This firewall can be managed from the cloud, simplifying the process of maintaining network security.

4. **Threat Intelligence**: With real-time threat intelligence updates from Cisco Talos, one of the world’s largest commercial threat intelligence teams, Cisco Umbrella ensures that your defenses are always up to date against the latest threats.

### Benefits of Using Cisco Umbrella

1. **Simplified Security Management**: Being cloud-based, Cisco Umbrella is easy to deploy and manage. There’s no need for complex hardware or software installations, reducing the burden on IT teams.

2. **Improved Visibility**: Cisco Umbrella provides comprehensive insights into internet activity across all devices and locations. This visibility helps in identifying and responding to potential threats swiftly.

3. **Enhanced User Experience**: By blocking malicious content at the DNS layer, users experience faster internet speed and reduced latency, leading to a smoother browsing experience.

4. **Scalability**: Whether you are a small business or a large enterprise, Cisco Umbrella can scale according to your needs. Its cloud-native architecture ensures that it can handle an increasing number of users and devices without compromising on performance.

Summary: SASE Definition

With the ever-evolving landscape of technology and the increasing demand for secure and efficient networks, a new paradigm has emerged in the realm of network security – SASE, which stands for Secure Access Service Edge. In this blog post, we delved into the definition of SASE, its key components, and its transformative impact on network security.

Understanding SASE

SASE, pronounced “sassy,” is a comprehensive framework that combines network security and wide area networking (WAN) capabilities into a single cloud-based service model. It aims to provide users with secure access to applications and data, regardless of their location or the devices they use. By converging networking and security functions, SASE simplifies the network architecture and enhances overall performance.

The Key Components of SASE

To fully grasp the essence of SASE, it is essential to explore its core components. These include:

1. Secure Web Gateway (SWG): The SWG component of SASE ensures safe web browsing by inspecting and filtering web traffic, protecting users from malicious websites, and enforcing internet usage policies.

2. Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB): CASB provides visibility and control over data as it moves between the organization’s network and multiple cloud platforms. It safeguards against cloud-specific threats and helps enforce data loss prevention policies.

3. Firewall-as-a-Service (FWaaS): FWaaS offers scalable and flexible firewall protection, eliminating the need for traditional hardware-based firewalls. It enforces security policies and controls access to applications and data, regardless of their location.

4. Zero Trust Network Access (ZTNA): ZTNA ensures that users and devices are continuously authenticated and authorized before accessing resources. It replaces traditional VPNs with more granular and context-aware access policies, reducing the risk of unauthorized access.

The Benefits of SASE

SASE brings numerous advantages to organizations seeking enhanced network security and performance:

1. Simplified Architecture: By consolidating various network and security functions, SASE eliminates the need for multiple-point solutions, reducing complexity and management overhead.

2. Enhanced Security: With its comprehensive approach, SASE provides robust protection against emerging threats, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity across the network.

3. Improved User Experience: SASE enables secure access to applications and data from any location, offering a seamless user experience without compromising security.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, SASE represents a paradigm shift in network security, revolutionizing how organizations approach their network architecture. By converging security and networking functions, SASE provides a comprehensive and scalable solution that addresses the evolving challenges of today’s digital landscape. Embracing SASE empowers organizations to navigate the complexities of network security and embrace a future-ready approach.